| Poultry has a good potential to supply animal protein, because of rapid growth and high productivity. The chemical and nutrition composition of animal feeds are important for livestock to support productivity. Feeds may contain diverse harmful microflora from multiple environmental sources, such as Aspergillus sp., are responsible for the production of aflatoxins in feedstuffs and foods. Aflatoxins are a potent carcinogen and have been directly correlated to adverse health effects, such as liver cancer, in many animal species. Ducks are more sensitive to aflatoxins compared with chicks and layer. While young ducklings are most susceptible to the effects of aflatoxin. In order to avoid aflatoxicosis, several approaches have been investigated to reduce the toxicity of AFB1in animals, such as using antioxidant and using microorganism. These methods giving a possibility of removal of aflatoxins under mild condition, without using harmful chemical, without significant losses in nutritive value and the palatability of detoxified feed.This research was divided into two studies:in vitro study and in vivo study. In vitro study was undertaken to determine the affinity and adsorption capacity of microorganisms such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Pediococcus pentosaceous and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to reduce AFB1in moldy corn. While in vivo study was conducted to evaluate the ability of antioxidant (BHT) and microorganisms (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, yeast and Streptococcus) to reduce adverse effect of diet containing low level of aflatoxin B1on performance and health status of Cherry Valley Ducks.I. In Vitro StudyIn vitro study was shown the effect of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Pediococcus pentosaceous and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to degrade AFBl in moldy corn. This study was conducted in pH2.0and pH7.0, according with the condition in gastric and intestine of poultry. The results shown, difference of addition dried microorganisms (1×10’CFU/ml) has different ability to suppressed AFB1(11.32-21.00%). There was no significant different (P>0.05) of the treatments. The highest percentage of reduction was21.00%, which was achieved by Pediococcus pentosaceous. Then, followed by yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus subtilis (15.97,12.27, and11.32%, respectively). Ⅱ. In Vivo StudyA total of256one-day-old Cherry Valley Ducklings of both sexes from a commercial hatchery were used in this research. Ducks were transferred into cages into8treatments groups (4replicates and8ducks each) for days1to42for two phase trial, starter period (2-4weeks) and grower period (5-7weeks). Low concentration of aflatoxin B1in Cherry Valley ducks diet at added of10ppb on starter period and followed by20ppb on grower period. The8dietary treatments consisted of:(1) Diet free AFB1;(2) AFB1;(3) AFB1+BHT (0.05%);(4) AFB1+BHT (0.10%);(5) AFB1+Bacillus subtilis (0.05%;1×1011CFU/kg);(6) AFB1+Bacillus licheniformis (0.05%;5×1010CFU/kg);(7) AFB1+Yeast (0.05%;1x1010CFU/kg) and (8) AFB1+Streptococcus (0.02%;1x109CFU/kg). Ducks were monitored daily and then body weight and feed consumption were recorded every week. On the last day of every phase,1duck from each replicates was taken out randomly to slaughtered, data of relative organs weight and blood samples were collected. The result showed as follow:Body performance and relative organ weight:In starter period, diet containing AFB1(treatment2) was significantly decreased ADFI compared with control and also decreased FCR, while the ADG was not significantly (P>0.05) affected. The addition of antioxidant0.10%(treatment4) able to increased ADFI, but not more than control. Whereas, in grower period addition of AFB1slightly decreased the ADFI and ADG compared with control. The highest FCR were resulted by the addition of antioxidant0.10%(treatment4) and yeast (0.05%;1×1010CFU/kg). The diet containing AFB1in starter period had significantly (P<0.05) increased relative weight of spleen. But AFB1did not affect relative weight on heart, liver, kidney and thymus gland of ducks. Whereas in grower period, the diet containing AFB1had significantly increased relative liver, kidney, spleen and thymus gland weights compare with control. Addition of microorganisms to the diet containing AFB1help to reduced the toxin effect of AFB1on the relative organ weight. But AFB1did not affect relative weight of heart of ducks in both periods.Serum Biochemical:AFB1significantly (P<0.05) increased the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and decreased the concentration of total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLO) compared with control, whereas not significant different effect on concentration of red blood cells (RBC). In ducks starter period, AST and ALT was significantly decreased with addition of antioxidant (0.05%), Bacillus subtilis (0.05%;1×1011CFU/kg), Bacillus licheniformis (0.05%;5×1010CFU/kg), yeast (0.05%;1×1010CFU/kg) and Streptococcus (0.02%;1×109CFU/kg) with activities value as70.00;64.50;79.75;48.25;60.00U/L, respectively for AST and39.50;31.25;30.50;29.50;33.75U/L, respectively for ALT. While addition of antioxidant (0.10%) in AST value was not enough to ameliorate the adverse effect of diet containing AFB1. Moreover, in ducks grower period, the activities value of AST and ALT was significantly decreased with addition of antioxidant and microorganisms. The addition of antioxidant and microorganisms in the diet containing AFB1provided similar result to increase the value of TP, ALB and GLO, but did not higher when compared with control.Histophatological study:the addition of antioxidant and microorganisms was not enough to reduce damage in the liver tissue by aflatoxin, because the liver tissue still showed bile ducts hyperplasia due to the influence of AFB1.The AFB1residues in liver and muscle tissues:The residual level of AFB1was higher in liver than muscle. The level of residual AFB1in liver of ducks grower period on treatment2, diet containing AFB1(7th week) was0.16±0.27ppb, while in muscle residual AFB1was not detected.In conclusion, In vitro study Pediococcus pentosaceous.(l×107CFU/ml) was more efficient (21.00%) to binding aflatoxin B1(AFB1) on moldy corn. While in vivo study the addition of BHT (0.05%and0.10%), Bacillus subtilis (0.05%;1×1011CFU/kg), Bacillus licheniformis (0.05%;5×1010CFU/kg), yeast (0.05%;1×1010CFU/kg) and Streptococcus (0.02%;1×109CFU/kg) in the diet containing low levels of AFB1had ameliorated the adverse effect to reduce the toxin effect of AFB1in Cherry Valley ducks. The addition of yeast (0.05%) in the diet containing10ppb AFB1on ducks starter period and followed by20ppb AFB1on ducks grower period provide significant reduction to be more effective in the amelioration of aflatoxicosis than BHT and other microorganisms. |
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