The Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequence Of The Black-capped Capuchin (Cebus Apella)and Genetic Diversity Of Ruditapes Philippinarum

1The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the black-capped capuchin (Cebusapella)The phylogenetic relationships of primates have been extensively investigated, but keyissues remain unresolved. Complete mitochondrial genome data have many advantages inphylogenetic analyses, but such data are available for only46primate species. Black-cappedcapuchin (Cebus apella) is one of the rare species in the world. The analysis on the completemitochondrial DNA sequences can help us to understand the genetic characters andphylogenetic status of this species, which also can provide experimental data on speciesconservation. In this work, we determined the complete mitogenome sequence of Cebusapella. The genome was16,538bp in size and consisted of13protein-coding genes,22tRNAs, two rRNAs and a control region. The genome organization, nucleotide compositionand codon usage did not differ significantly from those of other primates. The control regioncontained several distinct repeat motifs, including a putative termination-associated sequence(TAS) and several conserved sequence blocks (CSB-F, E, D, C, B and1). Among theprotein-coding genes, the COII gene had lower nonsynonymous and synonymoussubstitutions rates while the ATP8and ND4genes had higher rates. A phylogenetic analysisusing Maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods and the complete mitogenome data forplatyrrhine species confirmed the basal position of the Pitheciidae and the sister relationshipbetween Atelidae and Cebidae, as well as the sister relationship between Aotinae (Aotus) andCebinae (Cebus/Saimiri) in Cebidae. These conclusions agreed with the most recentmolecular phylogenetic investigations on primates. This work provides a framework for theuse of complete mitogenome information in phylogenetic analyses of the Platyrrhini andprimates in general.2Genetic diversity of nine geographical populations of Ruditapes philippinarum based onCOI and ITS-1genesTo assess the genetic diversity and differentiation of Ruditapes philippinarum, wesequenced and analysed the mitochondrial COI gene of246individuals and ITS-1gene of200individuals collected from9locations. For COI gene, the samples obtained a684bpfragment, and141variation sites and140haplotypes were detected totally. And for ITS-1 gene,488bp fragment was obtained for each individual,394variation sites and98haplotypeswere detected. The haplotype diversity of all populations was high, while the nucleotidediversity was low. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that the geneticdifferentiation within the populations was more than98%and the fixation index (FSTvalue)was less than0.01, indicating no significant differentiation between the populations. Thephylogenetic tree by Bayes method showed that the genetic divergences among ninegeographical populations were indetectable, indicating a frequent gene flow among them.