| The main content of this article is about the Shanxi fortification movements that happened in the background of the military conflict between the Ming dynasty and Mongolia.The history of city building already strung thousands of years, it is the crystallization of the Chinese ancient wisdom and culture. Ming dynasty is the Climax stage of city building history in traditional Chinese society, during this period, citys of Shanxi also nirvana reborn and completed its system. Shanxi Province was located in the borderland between Ming dynasty and Mongolia, thus the fortification movement that caused by military conflict occupied a extremely important position of the Shanxi fortification history in the Ming dynasty. Particularly, in Jingtai years, Jiajing years and Longqing years during the Ming dynasty, three major military conflict occurred in Shanxi prompted the whole Shanxi formed the three waves of large-scale of fortification tide. The first wave of fortification tide happened during the age from the fourteenth year of Zhengtong to the second year of Jingtai(1449-1451) which aroused by the incident of Tumu fort;the second wave of fortification tide happened at the Jiajing twenty-first year (1542) that after the Shanxi was harass by AltanKhan who was the leader of the mongols;the third wave of fortification tide happened after the attacks of Stone state from the Longqing first year to fourth year(1567-1570).In the background of the military conflict between Ming dynasty and Mongolia, cities in Shanxi were updated universally. The external form of renewed cities appeared diversity features, and the cities'military defense functions greatly enhanced. This thesis take the late Ming dynasty as time node, study the external form of Shanxi local government cities in the Ming dynasty. Research suggests that the following conclusion:The external outline about cities show the idea of square dominant. But under the influences of geographical and historical development such specific reasons, part of cities is also showing irregular form.. As far as cities'scale is concerned,small and medium-sized cities account for major proportion.At the city gate of the quantity aspect,the number of cities with three or four door amount to eighty-four percent. The phenomenon of city gates lack of north is worth concerning, while, the reason that didn't open northward can mainly attributable to defense attack of the enemy. Although, the proportion of the cities that built the watergate in Shanxi is very small, it played an important role of the flood defense is not negligible. In all the elements of a city constitute, the city height is the most important, as a result, in the military conflict situations walls heightening phenomena were very conspicuous, and associated with them, the wall thickness changed. In the latter half of the Ming dynasty, in war, heavy artillery fire was used more widespread, so the phenomenon that add brick to the wall outside also increasingly. While in the city's military defense, city moat also is crucial.In the process of fortification, the official play a leading role, the non-governmental forces is also very important.Local official's cognition of importance of the city construction and actively organized and advocated make them in a core position in city construction. At the same time, local gentry and rich who generously donated also become the extremely important social power in the process of city construction. The local people is the main force in city building movement. For different counties possessed the difference of human resources, physical resource, financial resources, part of cities construction project get the help of surrounding counties. On account of the differences of the humane environment, the economic basis, military location in southern and the northern areas of Shanxi, thus formed a "north soldiers south people "(in northern Shanxi the armed forces primarily, but in southern Shanxi local people is the main force) regional difference characteristics. |
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