Viticultural Climatic Zoning And Grapevine Variety Zoning Of Jingjintang Area

According to climatic date of 50 weather stations from 1979 to 2008 provided by Climatic Information Centre of China Meteorological Administration (CMA), a new viticulture climatic zoning index system was established by researching the climatic characteristic of Jingjintang area and comparing of the climatic index systems used in the viticulture zoning .According to this system, climatic zoning in Jingjintang area was carried out and it was divided into 7 areas. On the basis, through analyzing the main systems of variety zoning at present and researching the main high quality varieties in the world, a new variety zoning system was formed, variety zoning was implemented, and the suitable varieties in every zones were discussed with taking over the Frost-Free Period(FFP, April-September), Dryness Index (DI, April-September), precipitation (July-September) and soil. Then, effects to climatic zoning of viticulture caused by climate changing were studied by applying the climatic zoning system and climatic date of 40 weather stations from 1969 to 2008. Subsequently, the maps of climatic zoning, variety zoning and variation of FFP, DI, climatic zoning from 1969 to 2008 in 10 a stage for Jingjintang area were drawn by the method of the kriging interpolation with ArcGIS software. Last but not least important, some suggestions on developing the industry of grapes and wine were provided for Jingjintang area.1 Viticulture climatic zoning of Jingjintang area1.1 Climatic characteristic of Jingjintang areaFrost-Free Period (FFP, July-September, April-September), active temperature (∑Ta, July-September, April-September, whole year), mean lowest temperature, and precipitation (July, August, September, July- September, April-September, whole year) in Jingjintang area was firstly did statistics and analyzed from thermal and moisture conditions. It was showed that thermal abundant, FFP long, summer hot, winter cold, distribution uneven but regular with increasing from northwest and north to southwest and south (lowest in northwest, middle in center, and highest in south), was its obviously characteristic in thermal conditions. For the moisture aspect, precipitation was adequate, evenly distributed and mainly concentrated in summer, especially July and August, but it was dry and less water in winter. In shot, it was cold and dry in winter, but hot and wet in summer, and shower with the hot season.1.2 Result of climatic zoning of viticulture in Jingjintang areaBased on the climatic characteristic of Jingjintang area, by discussing and analyzing the index system used in China, a new zoning index system is established, with Frost- Free Period (FFP) as the first index, Dryness Index (DI=ETC/P) of growth season (April-September) as the secondary index, bury line (mean lowest temperature below -15℃) as the tertiary index and precipitation (1st, July-30th, September) as the fourth index. According to this zoning system and by using the daily climatic data of the past 30 years (from 1979 to 2008) provided by CMA, with ArcGIS software, Jingjingrtang area was subdivided into 7 viticulture zones, which reflects well the actual viticulture regions in Jingjintang. In the results, Zone 2 and 4 were the good planting regions, Zone 1 and 6 were the suitable planting regions, and Zone 3, 5 and 7 were the general producing regions.Zone 1: TanghekouZone 2: Yanqin, ZhaitangZone 3: Miyun, Pinggu, QinglongZone 4: Changping, Daxing, Beichenqu, BaodiZone 5: Shunyi, Huairou, Miyunshangdianzi, Chaoyang, Mentougou, Shijingshan, Fengtai, Fangshan, Xiayunling, Hangu, Qianxi, Luannan, Qianan, Yutian, Luanxian, Fengrun, Fengnan, Tangshan, Tanghai, Leting, Lulong, Qinhuangdao, FuningZone 6: Wuqing, Tianjin, Ninghe, Jinghai, Jinnanqu, Tanggu, DagangZone 7: Haidian, Tongzhou, Beijing, Jixian, urben climate station, Dongliqu, Zunhua2 Grapevine variety zoning in Jingjintang areaOn the basis of viticulture climatic zoning, through analyzing the main systems of variety zoning at present and researching the main high quality varieties in the world, sum of effective temperature (April-September) was chosen as the variety index, the viticulture areas were variety zoned and divided into 3 zones: Moderately warm area, Warm area, Hot area, and the suitable varieties in every zones were discussed with taking over the Frost-Free Period(FFP, April-September), Dryness Index (DI, April-September), precipitation (July- September) and soil.Moderately warm area: Tanghekou, Yanqing, Miyunshangdianzi, Zhaitang, Xiayunling, Qianan, Leting, Qinglong, Qinhuangdao, Funing were included. They were fit for Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Grenache, Carignane, Zinfandel, Gamay Noir, Canepabn, Sauvignon Blanc, Semillon, Italian Riesling, Chenin Blanc, Ugni Blanc, Rkatsiteli. In theory, Cabernet Franc , Gamay Noir, Chenin Blanc, Italian Riesling were more suitable.Warm area: Shunyi, Haidian, Miyun, Huairou, Pinggu, Tongzhou, Chaoyang, Changping, Mentougou, Shijingshan, Daxing, Fangshan, Wuqing, Baodi, Dongli, Ninghe Hangu, Jinnan, Dagang, Zunhua, Qianxi, Luannan, Luanxian, Fengrun, Fengnan, Tangshan, Tanghai, Lulong, Changli was included, suitable for Cinsault, Grenache, Muscat Blanc, Mustcat d'Alexandrie, Longyan, Rybt Carbernet. Among them, Muscat Blanc were more appropriate.Hot area: Beijing, Fengtai, Jixian, City climatic station, Tianjin, Beichen, Jinhai, Tanggu, Yutian were contained, correspondingly were fit for Rkatsiteli, Colombarb, White Riesling, Pinot Gris, Ugni Blanc, Grenache, Canepabn, Cabernet Sauvignon, Carignane, Zinfandel, Ruby Cabernet, and Pinot Gris, Cabernet Sauvignon, Colombarb were more proper than others.3 Effects to viticulture climatic zoning caused by climate changingWith climatic date of 50 weather stations from 1979 to 2008 as the material and the established climatic zoning system as the basis, the variation of FFP, DI and climatic zoning were researched and analyzed.3.1 Result of variation of FFP from 1969 to 2008 in Jingjintang areaIn past 40 years, the regions of FFP≤160 d was disappeared, the places of FFP≥180 d was increased, specially the areas of FFP≥220; the growing season also was lengthened; Grape cultivation regions were migrated towards north; with the expanding of regions of FFP≥200, the regions where grape grew well and quality was high were reduced gradually.3.2 Result of variation of DI from 1969 to 2008 in Jingjintang areaFrom 1969 to 2008, the regions with DI<1 were vanished, the areas with DI≥1 were significantly extending towards north, at the same time the excellent regions with DI≥1.6 began to emerge in south and west of Jingjintang area. It was getting more suitable for grapes.3.3 Result of variation of climatic zoning from 1969 to 2008 in Jingjintang areaIn recent 40 years, with increasing of FFP and DI, unsuitable regions for grapes were vanishing, suitable regions were extended obviously and considerably moved onto north, and regions with grape expressing well were emerged in south of Tianjin and northwest of Beijing.It was concluded that the cultivation would continue moving onto north, good planting regions would appear largely, but with the regions of FFP≥220 d extending and occupying the regions of FFP<220 d, it would be moved north and slowly induced in the next few decades or even centuries.