The Spread Of The Ming And Qing Dynasties "journey To The West"

Now, the study is still thinner about dissemination of A Journey to the West in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. So, it's necessary to obscure more fully kinds of texts of A Journey to the West in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Moreover, it's necessary to research their specialties and dissemination.Religious atmosphere was thick. Traditional Confucianism converted itself. Citizen class grew. Dynasty affairs varied. They more or less promoted dissemination of A Journey to the West in the Ming dynasty. The stories about A Journey to the West were popular. Publishing, printing and literature comments were prosperous. Translation began and collection existed. They were doubtlessly force which pushed dissemination of A Journey to the West in the Ming and Qing dynasty.At the early time of the Ming dynasty, the simple novel A Journey to the West was prevailing. In the twentieth year of Emperor Wanli(1592 A.D.), Shidetang published A Journey to the West by New Official Edition with Pictures and Big Characters in Jinling. The edition is the earliest extant edition of one hundred chapters'A Journey to the West. In the edition, it's attracting in content, lively in figures, exquisite in engraving and printing, few in errors. It prevailed extensively because of its excellent disseminating quality. Shidetang edition was disseminated internally and to Japan. Moreover, Shi edition became the basis of A Journey to the West editions in the late Ming dynasty and the Qing dynasty.The Story of a Journey to the West was edited by Yang Zhihe, firstly published and issued by Yu Xiangdou. He was a press owner in Jianyang. In Yang Zhihe edition, the language was rougher, the pictures were more, and the paper and ink were both bad, the cost was lower and the publishing was quicker. Because its price was low and it was one of Four Journeys, The Story of a Journey to the West gained a lot of readers'welcome. In the Ming and the Qing dynasties, The Story of a Journey to the West was published once and again, was disseminated extensively, which became the first successful abridged edition in dissemination of A Journey to the West.The Story of a Journey to the West by Tangsanzang Dispelling Adversity, was edited by Zhu Dingchen, engraved and issued by Liu Liantai. Zhu Dingchen edition was also abridged edition of the novel A Journey to the West. Its language is excellent in the front but bad at the back. Its text is complicated in the front and simple at the back. The engraving and printing were both rough and errors were very many. But the story about Tangseng's bearing was added. That was the herald of the ninth chapter in A Journey to the West published in the Qing dynasty. Zhu Dingchen edition was lost internally and preserved in Japan.In the late Ming dynasty, Mr. Li Zhuowu Comments on a Journey to the West, which is the first fuller commented edition for A Journey to the West,was engraved and issued. The commentator of commented edition by Li was not Li Zhi, but Ye Zhou. The comments promoted dissemination of commented edition by Li. In the late Ming dynasty and the early Qing dynasty, commented edition by Li was popular, which was published once and again, renewed the edition. In the early Qing dynasty, the comments in The Book of a Journey to the West Confirming Taoism involved commented edition by Li. Commented edition by Li was also disseminated to Korea Peninsula and Japan. Commented edition by Li still had different prevailing editions. For example, in the fourth year of Emperor Chongzhen(1631A.D.), Minzhaitang in Jianyang published New Engraved and Added a Journey to the West with comments and Full Pictures.In the Qing dynasty, the editions of the novel A Journey to the West included The Book of a Journey to the West Confirming Taoism, True Explanation for a Journey to the West, New Explanation for a Journey to the West, Original Principles of a Journey to the West, Right Principles of a Journey to the West, Comments and Annotations about a Journey to the West, which are all commented editions. The Book of a Journey to the West Confirming Taoism was commented by Wang Danyi and Huang Zhouxing, engraved and issued in the early Qing dynasty. It faded from dissemination after prevailing about thirty years. Wang Danyi and Huang Zhouxing commented on A Journey to the West as a book confirming Taoism, and opened the comments'environment about A Journey to the West in the Qing dynasty. They added Tangseng's bearing story as the ninth chapter, which was succeeded by the later novel edition A Journey to the West. They abridged and rectified one hundred chapters'A Journey to the West of the Ming dynasty. It made A Journey to the West terser and more rational. That was an important reason why the book was popular and became the mother book of several kinds of A Journey to the West by the Qing editions.True Explanation for a Journey to the West was firstly published in the thirty-fifth year of Emperor Kangxi(1696A.D.), with the commentator of Chen Shibin. It has the preface written by You Dong, who was a famous person. The famous person's function made True Explanation for a Journey to the West become the most popular among editions of A Journey to the West in the Qing dynasty. True Explanation for a Journey to the West used the text which The Book of a Journey to the West Confirming Taoism retained, restored part of the abridged text. It inherited and strengthened the specialty of confirming Taoism in The Book of a Journey to the West Confirming Taoism.New Explanation for A Journey to the West was firstly published in the thirteenth year of Emperor Qianlong(1748A.D.). The commentator Zhang Shushen confirmed A Journey to the West with words and sentences in classics of Confucianism. In the Qing dynasty, New Explanation for a Journey to the West was the only commented edition using one hundred chapters'edition of the Ming dynasty. It still added the ninth chapter in the Qing editions of A Journey to the West. It's a full edition, which could not be replaced in dissemination of A Journey to the West in the Ming and Qing dynasty. That was one of reasons why it became the popular edition of A Journey to the West after the middle Qing dynasty. Original Principles of a Journey to the West was also one of popular editions of A Journey to the West in the late Qing dynasty.In the years of Emperor Xianfeng, the commentator of Memorandum for a Journey to the West held the theory that Taoism, Buddhism and Confucianism had the same origin. The comments were mostly in the styles of short poems. The poems included hundreds of styles. But the disseminating method of handwritten copy seriously limited the disseminating width.A Journey to the West also penetrated into eight-legged essays, and influenced imperial examinations in China and Korea Peninsula in the Ming and Qing dynasties.In the middle and late Qing dynasty, Japanese, French and English translations from A Journey to the West were published. It made dissemination of A Journey to the West pass the language block and begin to have the worldwide influence.In the Ming and Qing dynasties, dramas about A Journey to the West were also popular. There were Yuan operas An Ape Listened to the Classics and A Mirror Which Locked Devils in the Yuan dynasty and A Journey to the West written by Yang Jingxian in the early Ming dynasty. The three operas were disseminated in the Ming dynasty. But there were lots of differences in content between the operas and the novel A Journey to the West. In the Qing dynasty, there were a lot of dramas about A Journey to the West in Peking Operas and other dramas. Dramas about A Journey to the West simulated to the novel because of dissemination of the novel A Journey to the West, and expanded the disseminating range of A Journey to the West.Say-sing literature about A Journey to the West was also prosperous in the Ming and Qing dynasties. The say-sing literature was mostly disseminated in folk places. Partial precious books about A Journey to the West included a lot of other folklore, which made stories about A Journey to the West more complicated and abundant in dissemination.