Xining Reform - Two Political Reform Between The Northern Song Dynasty Political Studies From The New Deal

This article shows the political situation and characteristic in general through the analysis of the economic and political condition during 24 years (1045 - 1068)between the QingLi and XiNing reforni. Firstly, although this period be- fore XiNing reform was called "peaceful time" the 100 years poor situation went worse. The conservatives dominated in politics. They continued to suppress and combat the reformers, armed with "cabal comment" Although the reformers in QingLi period, such as FuBi and HanQi, dominated politics again in JiaYouZhiP- ing period, they turned to stick to old ways and opposed the reform, thus causing sharp contradiction between conservative politics and poor social reality. Second- ly, the objective reality full of crisis and conservative polities with nothing to do made most scholar -bureaucrats feel anxious and unsatisfied. They felt it was im- possible to continue the old life -style, so they raised different reform requests. The objective reality needed reform and at the same time most scholar -bureau- crats recognized the necessary of the reform. Those subjective and objective fac- tors made JiaYouZhiPing eform period- Thirdly, those widespread reform re- quests by scholar -bureaucrats might be summarized as the following three types: Some scholar -bureaucrats, represented by SuShi, insisted on carrying out benevolence policy and opposed reform; Some scholar -bureaucrats , such as SimaGuang, maintained to carry out partial reform based on the old rules; On the contrary Wang -Anshi maintained to carry out total reform. According to condi- tions of that time, the poor situation in economic and political might only be solved by carrying out Wang -Anshi-s total reform requests . Wang -Anshi-s requests not only conformed with objective reality, but also he himself was the most respectable person among those scholar -bureaucrats. So the history task fell down on his shoulder. But because there was so much difference between those requests , new contradiction appeared soon and the reform carried out by Wang -Anshi in XiNing period was full of difficulties. This article consists of four chapters. Chapter One expounds financial crisis of NorthSong Dynasty in Renzong period, and explains the resource of the crisis. It was just because of serious annexation of land that caused the crisis. And the failure of averaging land tax made finance of Song Dynasty becoming worse. All these caused different kinds of social contradictions. Chapter Two analyses the conservative political condition between QiLi and XiNing period, showing that the conservatives was superiority in politics and continued to suppress the reform- ers. Changing of political environment and economical status made former re- formers in QingLi period, such as FuB~ and HanQi, turn to keep conservative politic. Chapter Three, declares that financial crisis caused most scholar -bureau- crats-wide dissatisfaction. They demanded for change and raised different reform requests. Local reform practice also appeared at this time. Those requests and practice prepared conditions for XiNing reform. Chapter Four analyses the atti- tudes and opinions from different political powers. Those scholar -bureaucrats showed different attitude towards political reform and brought out different ways of reform, so conflicts between the reformersand the conservative in XiNing re- form were also impregnated in this period.