On Governance And Tourism Planning Governance

With the progress of democrization and legalization, and with the maturity of market economy system and the transition of government function, social stakeholders participant tourism planning together will become an inevitable trend. The ideal of "Develop tourism, planning first" has been widely recognized. However, looking back for theory and practise of tourism planning in our country, traditional "top-down" mode is widely used in most tourism planning and its management. This leads to a lot of problems in tourism planning making and implementing. The paradoxes among stakeholders are notable, and the implementing rate is very low.This paper introduces the ideal of "Tourism Planning Governance". By the research methods of literature collection, online surveys, expert interviews, comprehensive analysis, and combination of theory and practise, this paper systematically analizes stakeholders'features, needs, rights, duties, and the emergent problems and contradictions. On the base of it, this paper strives to build a mechanism of balance and coordination about stakeholders, incentive their common participation consciousness, and construct perfect constitution to security it, so as to promote health and sustainable development of our tourism planning business.Through this study, this paper sums up the problems of government, tourism developers, tourism planning enterprises, tourism planning appraising organization, tourists, community and community tourism management organization, including no sufficient functions playing, no transparent planning process, no general paticipating, no clear planning standards, no perfect governance institutions, and no even benefits distribution, etc. This paper points out we should establish perfect institution of tourism planning governance, promote all the stakeholders to paticipate tourism planning in the whole process, and implement co-governance, so that they can achieve a harmonious relationship with each other.This paper includes five chapters.Chapter 1. Introduction. This chapter expounds the back ground, meaning and methods of its research, and describes related research progress of home and abroad.Chapter 2. Basic concept difinition and theory foundation. This chapter analizes related concepts of tourism planning governance theory, including governance, institution, tourism planning and tourism planning governance. This chapter also describes related theory foundation of tourism planning governance, including governance theory, game theory, principal-agent theory, property rights theory, sustainable development theory, system science theory, stakeholders theory and harmony theory.Chapter 3. Tourism planning governance theory. This chapter builds the basic framework of tourism planning governance theory and methods; analyzes the characters of it, including the diversification of tourism planning governance's subjec, the coordination of its basis, the manifestation of its public participation, and the continuous interaction of its course; proposes the objectives of it, including efficiency, harmony and shared governance; points out we should organic integrate all kinds of its means, including administrative means, the market means, economic means, legal means and public participant means; and pinpoints it needs a series of formal and informal institution and mechanism innovation to ensure. The institution and mechanism innovation on function of tourism planning governance comprises profit coordinating system, incentive system and monitoring system. Based on the above analysis, this paper further points out the function of government, tourism developers, tourism planning enterprises, tourism planning appraising organization, and non-governmental organization, and the rights and obligation of tourists, tourism enterprises and residents in tourism planning governance.Chapter 4. The analysis of realistic problems about tourism planning governance. This chapter analyses the practise problems of tourism planning governance subjects through the methods of literature search, online surveys, experts interviews, induction and deduction. The problems of the government include non-professionality, self-interest, "tree system" and the division etc. The problems of tourism developers include the contradiction between project planning and regional tourism development planning, and the conflict between self interest and public welfare etc. The problems of tourism planning expertises include weakness in the supply of tourism planning, the limitations about related institutions, the camera obscura in planning and design, credit crisis, the lack of research on relevant policies and regulations, lack of communication with local experts, and ignoration of reflecting public opinion etc. The problems of tourism planning appraisal agencies include the composition of irrational, the lack of relevant quality criteria, and weakness of responsibility etc. The problems of tourists include poor security of rights and interests, and lack of ecological awareness education etc. The problems of communities include weak initiative on participation in tourism planning, the limitations of their no strong participating ability, lack of participating mechanism in tourism planning, poor security of interests, and weak sense of community business coorperation etc. The problems of community tourism management institutions include the lack of community professionals, and lack of legal status of community institutions etc.Chapter 5. The syetems building of tourism planning governance. This chapter proposes building measures for harmonious relationship among stakeholders in tourism planning governance systems. For governments, this chapter proposes they should establish tourism planning governance committees to improve the legal institution of it, and open up participative channel of tourism planning for stakeholders. For tourism developers, this chapter points out they should be implemented bid management for their developing projects, strengthen the protection of community interests, carefully implement tourism planning scheme, and establish public maintaining fund accounts. For tourism planning expertises, this chapter suggests they should build certification institution for registered tourism planners, and build tracking responsible institution. For tourism planning appraisal agencies, this chapter submits they should perfect their organizational structure and strengthen governance of the process for tourism planning appraise. For tourists, this chapter poses to build consulting institution of tourism planning, establish environmental education institution, and improve regulations of tourists' governance. For communities, this chapter proposes to improve community educational systems, strengthen regulation establishment about community participation, and achieve a fair mechanism for the distribution of community interests. For community tourism management institutions, this chapter points out they should upgrade their legal status, and improve their organizational strength.