| Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy and the most fundamental activity about human survive and well-being. Yet China agricultural production system is facing severe challenges in the protection of resources and environment. So as a valid way to save resource and protect environment, a resource-conserving and environment-friendly agriculture has evoked the attention of the government. On December 2007, the "two-oriented" agriculture started the pilot project at Wuhan city circle in Hubei province, which provided a good opportunity for Hubei. As a typical resource-constraint agricultural province, the development of agriculture in Hubei province faces a series of constraints from water, soil and other natural resources, and the pressure from fertilizers and pesticide contamination, pollution, livestock breeding pollution etc.. Severe reality determines that agriculture in Hubei province has to develop in the resource-conserving and environment-friendly way.Based on the exploration of the "two-oriented" agriculture, this paper constructs a set of index system to evaluate the development of "two-oriented" agriculture and evaluates the "two-oriented" agriculture in Hubei province from time and space perspective. This paper begins from the basic theories of "two-oriented" agriculture, promotes the hypothesis of eco-man, and gets equilibrium between resource-saving and environment-friendly through analysis of economic theories. Then, by discussing the profound connotation of "two-oriented" agriculture, the paper believes that sustainable agriculture, cycling agriculture and the "two-oriented" agriculture are imbued with the same spirit, with the difference in focusing more on resources conservation and environmental protection. From the perspectives of supports from agricultural resources, agricultural environment and agricultural development of Hubei province, this paper states the current condition of the development of the "two-oriented" agriculture in Hubei province., and sets up an index system with 20 index in three-layer including the effective use of resources construction, the ecological environment friendly, and support from economy and society and science and technology. Using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to assign weight to each indext. In empirical part, from the two dimensions of space and time, the paper gives a comprehensive evaluation of the development of the "two-oriented" agriculture in Hubei province, and diagnoses the obstacle hiding in the development. Then through introducing various existing agricultural development mode in Hubei province, this paper provides some suggestions to optimize them. Finally, the paper pointed out the deficiencies and future research direction.The research found that:the development of resource-conserving agriculture is the organic process of the combination of market mechanism and the government macro-control mechanism, while the development of environment-friendly agriculture depends on the highest level of the social willing to pay and the environmental preferences of residents. The development of the "two-oriented" agriculture in Hubei province performs well in general and shows a rising tendency. The present economic and social support for the "two-oriented" agriculture is strong, but the ecological environment problems can be ignored. The "two-oriented" agriculture in 17 cities (states) is in a higher level compared to the reference year. They obtain different degrees of improvement with different obstacles. Huangshi, Ezhou, Xiantao and Wuhan City develop more slowly in economical use of resources; Jingzhou, Xiangfan, and Qianjiang City develop more slowly in development support; most parts of the province have slow progress in improving the ecological environment.When we reconstruct the two-oriented agriculture model optimally, according to the natural and geographical conditions, ecological environment types and functions of the geographical distribution, the province can be divided into five areas:peri-urban agricultural area, plain agricultural areas, hilly agricultural area, hillock agricultural areas and mountain areas. Every agricultural area should select two-oriented agricultural development model by its characteristics and local conditions.The government should promote the development of the "two-oriented" agriculture by strengthening the concept, stimulating participants, planning and funding.The innovation of the paper is that:firstly, it proposes the assumption of "rational eco-economy man", and expands production possibilities curve to economy environmental limit curve, the indifference curve to environmental preference curves. There claims some innovations theoretically; secondly, two-oriented agriculture is a new agricultural development model when the two-oriented society is defined in agricultural area, its research is fragmented and simple, particularly the evaluation about it is almost vacant. Therefore the evaluation and empirical research into the two-oriented agricultural development have some innovations both from the research perspective and content. |
