| There are plenty of oral microbiome living in animal’s mouth. Normally, microorganism and host are in the ecological balance, which can keep the health and function of host. Therefore, it is helpful to understand the ecology adaptive characteristics of animals by learning oral microbial diversity.In this study, we noninvasively collected 19 oral samples from Tibetan macaques of Yulingkeng YA1 at Mt. Huangshan, Anhui Province, and extracted DNA by a modified high-salt DNA extraction method. Based on Illumina Miseq sequence platform, we carried two-terminal sequencing of V3-V4 regions of 16S rDNA to get oral microbiome taxonomic information.206533 high quality have been read, depending on the similarity of 97%, there are 4685 different OTUs which belong to 310 genus from 20 bacterial phyla,32 class,67 order and 127 family. Results show that:(1) The phyla Proteobacteria (44.58% of the total), Firmicutes (30.28%), Bacteroidetes (12.27%), Fusobacteria (7.72%) and Actinobacteria (3.70%) were predominated among Tibetan macaque’s oral microbiome; and on the level of genus, Streptococcus(19.50%), Neisseria(11.04%),Fusobacterium(4.53%), Actinobacillus (4.27%) were the most common types.(2) The species diversity indices (Simpson index:0.09±0.07 and Shannon index:3.60±0.66) indicate that there were higher species richness in oral microbiome of Tibetan macaques. Furthermore, a large number of low abundance genus existed in Tibetan Macaques:the abundance of geuns, about 90% of the 310 genus, were less than 0.1%. This may be associated with the habitats of Tibetan Macaques where they live in the wide and complex mountains, with rich natural resources such as animal and plants. Besides, Tibetan Macaques as an important tourism resources at Mt. huangshan, are greatly influenced by human.(3) Twenty-four genus were presented in our all samples, which means that a stable core microbiome existing in Tibetan Macaques. The dominating genus were as follows:Streptococcus(19.50%), Neisseria(1.04%), Fusobacterium(4.53%), Neisseria(4.27%), Porphyromonas(3.74%), Granulicatella (3.51%),Gemella (3.35%), Alloprevotella (2.95%), Pasteurella(2.48%), Rothia(2.52%), Prevotella (2.13%), Leptotrichia (2.13%), Capnocytophaga (1.54%), Moraxella (1.17%). The structure of core microbiome may differ in different species, it means that oral microbiome was affected by internal factors (e.g. phylogeny,vertical transmission,host physiology etc.).(4) There were a large number of microbiome associated with oral disease, such as Streptococcus、Neisseria、Neisseria、Porphyromona and Treponema, meaining that potential oral health problem existed in Tibetan Macaques. Besides, we found a variety of potential pathogens with low abundance existing in Tibetan Macaques, and some of them were zoonotic diseases pathogenic bacteria:Campylobacter (0.27%) Mycobacterium(<0.01%), Yersinia(<0.01%), Pseudomonas(0.07%) and Shigella(< 0.01%), which reminder us of more attention should be paid on the prevention and control of zoonotic diseases as the tourism development of Tibetan Macaques.(5) Statistical results show that the sub-adult group had a higher species diversity than adult group and there were some negative correlations between the abundance and the age in Tibetan Macaques’ oral core microbiome:Capnocytophaga (r=-0.546, p=0.016), Abiotrophia (r=-0.461, p=0.047), Corynebacterium (r=-0.500, p=0.029) and Eikenella (r=-0.52, p=0.022)How wild animals maintain their health is a scientific issue that human are curious but lack of understanding. We tested oral microbiome of Tibetan macaques, analyzed the phyla, genus and core microbiome of community, and evaluated the potential relationship among habitat, ontogeny, disease occurrence and microbiome. Our study provides some scientific evidences for revealing ecological adaptability of Tibetan macaques and also provides fundamental data for risk assessment of ecological tourism about Tibetan macaques. |
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