| Infants handling behavior occurs in many kinds of birds and mammals.Usually,this unrelated infant contact behavior is considered to be a socialized behavior with multiple functions.In the nonhuman primate species that live together in group life,a strong concern for new individuals is called natal attraction.The new attraction exists in nonhuman primate species,in some species,this behavior is a direct contact with the large number of baby care.In non-human primate populations,females are usually the main caregivers and contact the baby.But in the primate population living in the male also inevitably exposed to infants,but in different primate species,and degree of male infant contact are different,in some apes.Male care including food,baby produce carry,but also can prevent infanticide,in these species the male care behavior is related to leadership,and by improving the adaptive population,so as to impro've their general fitness.Social bridging is an ideal behavioral index for the study of the social function and differentiation of infant monkeys.Bridging behavior refers to two individuals together to lift up a baby monkey,one individual holding the baby monkey head,occasionally touch infats body or genital region,another person holding the baby monkey tail,and licking the infant genitalia,two individuals from time to time with tooth face presentation sign.This kind of behavior exists only in polygamy primate animal Bridging behavior is the three parter relationships infant monkey,thus reflecting the typical behavior and relationship pattern of baby monkey function.The habitat in Anhui Mount Huangshan wild macaques(Macaca thibetana)scale YA1 group as the research object,from August 2013 to October 2014,the whole event sampling(All occurrence sampling method),the target animal sampling method(focal sampling method)and continuous recording method(continuously recording method),to observe the bridging behavior between individuals Tibetan groups,record the biological attributes of individual macaques and social attributes(social hierarchy,friendly relations etc.),analysis of the factors affecting the erection process,function and behavior of wild macaques in different gender behavior build bridge realized in the form of time and form.Expected to answer the following important scientific problems:(1)Bridging behavior in Tibetan genders for differentiation.The main results are as follows:(2)female build bridging behavior function;(3)Bridging behavior to increase social interaction in males increase the function mechanism of social connectivityFrist,the differentiation of the male and female male female macaques bridging behavior.Female between bridging behavior by frequency of used infants from birth by the frequency gradually increased to fourth weeks to reach the peak(mean+SE)1.04+0.27 acts/h is the highest,then with the growth of being used to make the bridging over frequency gradually become low,and in male macaque infant monkeys reached the age of 6 weeks,the infant is male macaque use the highest frequency(mean+ SE)0.42 +0.03 acts/h per hour;males prefer to use male infant(Paired sample t test:t=3.187,P=0.024,N=12),without significant difference between the female gender to choose to use the bridging(Paired sample t test:t=4.597,P=0.942,N=13).In conclusion,different gender behavior by bridging macaque infant monkeys this time difference,with sex difference also exist.Second,female macaques bridging behavior function.This research shows that bridging behavior is not evenly distributed(K-S test;t=3.889,DF=10,P=0.003,n=11);two of 13 adults and sub adults do not observe bridging behavior.The bridging frequency of subadult female individuals(mean + SE:1.25 + 0.14)was significantly higher than that of adult female t(mean+SE:0.34+0.05)(Wilcoxon signed-ranks test:Z=-2.202,P=0.028).The average bridging frequency of subadult female individuals who successfully nurtured the first generation of pregnant monkeys over three months was higher than the other three individuals who failed to breed for more than three months(mean+SE:survived:1.98+0.38;died:0.38+0.18).When the female offspring gave birth to the baby monkeys,the bridging behavior was more frequent(Z=-2.197,P=0.028).The frequency of bridging behavior before and after birth increased from 0.036 acts/h to 1.10 acts/h.At the same time,the individuals carrying baby monkeys received more bridging behavior than those without baby monkeys(Z=-2.003,P=0.045.n1=7,N2 =6).Therefore,female macaque mothers bridging behavior practice skills,but also must strengthen the function of social interaction.Third,male macaque bridging behavior in increasing social function of the connection mechanism.All adult and sub adult males were involved in bridging behavior.However,there were significant differences in the frequency of bridging behavior between them(Kruskal-Wallis test:H=19.324,df=11,P<0.05).Low CIS orientation high CIS initiated bridge is significantly higher than that of high frequency to low ranking launched bridge(Paired sample t test:t frequency=2.507,P=0.046,N=7).Mating behavior and reproductive period of the two bridge between period CSI value analysis,the bridging behavior and CSI between the two values were not significant correlation(Person test:Z = 0.018,P=0.887,N=66),but the bridging between line mating and reproductive CSI has both significant correlation(Person test:Z=0.389,P=0.001,N=66)therefore,in male macaque,male individuals can maintain their social connection strength by bridging behavior.The research system of bridging behavior,according to the different gender function analysis of bridging behavior,and different gender build bridging behavior using the infants behavior model,obtained the following innovative results:(1)study of primates using infants establish relations among the three parties were mainly concentrated in between male infant monkey-male,this is the first study to show the female macaques build bridge behavior,provide an important basis for the study of primate relations among the three parties and contact relationship.(2)the in-depth analysis of the mechanism of bridging behavior in male macaque society,namely the use between male macaque infant monkey to maintain the existing social connection behavior,but not the formation of a new social connection.It is of great significance to the behavior of dynamic relationships in primate groups and the study of dynamic balance and change of population.(3)by comparing the manifestation and space-time dynamic differentiation of the same social behavior among different genders and their final functional differences,it provides important information for studying the origin,evolution and adaptive significance of primates'social behavior.Infants are different from other material tools because of their unique social attributes.The study of the effects of the primates on the infant monkeys is also of great significance in anthropology.At the same time,the triadic building contains two adults and an infant common relationship bridging behavior for the project,the research results for understanding primate animal social construction of the three party or the third party individual multi-dimensional social relations,so as to maintain the stable group of behavioral strategies to provide a scientific basis for.We expect to clarify the bridging behavior in the social role of different gender in macaques and the possible origin and functional differentiation,revealing the bridging behavior in social groups social attribute and connotation. |
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