On Major Factors And Operating Ways For Solving Three Agro-Issues

Three agro- issues is the general address for agriculture, countryside and peasants issues, which in China represents as the underdevelopment and low modernization of agriculture and rural areas. The countryside in most regions is agricultural society and there is a big gap between cities and countryside. Compared with urban citizens, peasants' income is low and difficult to improve. Three agro- issues is the strategic issue in China where the agriculture is the dominant industry, and has realistic significance worth studying.The system-related factors must not be ignored among the various factors that cause three agro-issues. Through applying the theoretically analytic method combined with the vertical and horizontal comparison, the paper analyzes policy-, structure- and rural public management-related factors and points out the restrictive system-related factors and the practical channels in solving three agro- issues.The major restrictive policy-factors are dual economic structure in town and country and rural land contract system. The dual economic structure in town and country in China was formed on a particular background. At the beginning of new China, the government adopted a strategy of developing heavy industry first by suppressing agriculture, and executed the strict residential system and different polices between town and country in order to stop the free flowing of resources between town and country. Thus creates the dual economic structure in town and country and the problem of citizen treatment. For example, peasants are not granted the same treatment as urban residents on tax, education, employment and social security, etc. In order to balance urban and rural development, the blockade of dual economic structure must be broken and the same rights be granted to rural residents as urban ones. Rural land contract system is one of the fundamental polices on land utilization, which has some limits itself. The land property policy under the household contract responsibility system restrains the peasants to the autarkical small-scale farming and farming land to small plots, which hampers the rural development. Therefore, it becomes imperative that land property circulate properly and legally.There are the restrictive structure-related factors such as agricultural taxation system, grain distribution system and rural financial system. There exist such problems for the current agricultural taxation system as unreasonable type, repeated taxation,heavy tax and defective system for collection and management. A suggestion is made to establish a perfect system for transferring payment, cancel agricultural tax, and integrate agricultural taxation system with industrial and commercial taxation system. Under the current grain distribution system, the functions of the government and enterprises are mixed up and the real market hasn't been formed. The protective policy for grain purchase has an effect on adjusting planting industryand satisfying the demand of market. There is also a difficulty circulating funds. In order to change this situation, the grain policy should be adjusted at first so as to accelerate the market process of grain purchase and sale, and hasten the modernization of grain distribution industry. The means of government management should be converted from direct method to indirect one on the basis of perfecting the macro-controlled system for grain industry. Rural credit cooperatives are the main forces in the contemporary rural financial market. Due to the structure-related factors such as the unclear property and defective management system, they have not achieved satisfactory results in subsidizing agriculture. In order to solve the inadequate loan for peasants, it is necessary to establish the rural financial system which centers on rural credit cooperatives and allows multiple financial forms to develop side by side, to standardize private credit system, and to enhance the function of the policy, commerce and finance in supporting agriculture. Then the financial problem in countryside can be solved ultimately.Rural public management-related factors appear mainly in two aspects: education system and rural social security system. The percentage of educated people is low in countryside, which leads to the violent conflict with the development of productive force. The investment in rural education is severely insufficient. Upgrading the teachers' payment still depends on the financial support of the township government. The prospect for the education of science and technology is also not optimistic. Lots of new technology is hard to expand to the agricultural production areas. To guarantee the quality of compulsory education, a suggestion is made to enhance the investment in public institutions. The incomes for teachers should be given by provincial financial departments. Transferring system should be standardized. Some favorable policies should be adopted on rural education of science and technology in order to support its development. Rural social security system should be the all-directional and multi-layer one characterized by relieving the disable and supporting the poor.In present phrase, to solve three agro- issues, the primary way is to transfer the rural surplus labor to non-agricultural field as fast as possible by developing middle- or small-sized enterprises and labor economy. Further research need be conducted on the pattern of labor economy and the industrialization on export of labor services.