A Study Of "Ning" Complex Sentences In Modern Chinese

The "ningke宁可"compound clauses which refer to the compound clauses marked with "ning宁、 ningke宁可、 ningyuan宁愿、 ningken宁肯",is an important member of the marked compound clauses in Modern Chinese. This paper systematically investigates the "ningke宁可"compound clauses from syntax、 semantic and pragmatic. On this basis, we try to find the conversion conditions between some related "ningke宁可"compound clauses.On the aspect of syntax, applying the theory of prototype categorization, this paper analyzes the prototype properties of modal verb、 adverb、conjunction and "ningke宁可,"then finds that "ningke宁可" presents some characteristics of adverb and conjunction at the same time. In the unrelated situation,"ningke宁可"presents the characteristics of adverb; in the related situation, when "ningke宁可"is fixed it presents the characteristics of adverb, while unfixed it presents more of conjunction. This paper also discusses the classification of common "ningke宁可"compound clauses:there are three kinds of semantic contents of the "ningke宁可"compound clauses——compromise、disjunction and selectivity. Among these, compromise is the deepest semantic which is also the premise and foundation of disjunction and selectivity, so from this perspective the "ningke宁可" compound clauses belong to the concessive compound clauses. This paper also investigates the distribution and clauses constitute of common "ningke宁可"compound clauses.On the aspect of semantic, we find that the "ningke宁可"compound clauses have two kinds of pragmatic meaning including subjective selectivity and subjective valuation, and three kinds of semantic contents including compromise、 disjunction and selectivity, among which compromise is the dominant semantic. Through classification analysis, this paper describes the semantic relation between "p" and "q" of "ningke宁可p,yebu也不q"、"ningke宁可p,ye也q"and "yuqi与其p,ningke宁可q”On the aspect of pragmatic, we find that the "ningke宁可”compound clauses need the pragmatic conditions including best items selected items and discarded items which form the three dimensional pragmatic conditions, and two contradictions between best items and selected items, the subjective selectivity of the subject of the sentence and the value judgment of speaker. We also discuss the affection and restriction between pragmatic and semantic.(1) The pragmatic conditions affect the formation of semantic:because of the unattainable best items, the subject of the sentence has to choice the selected items which implicates the inside meaning of compromise and disjunction, and the outside meaning of selectivity.(2)The pragmatic environment which includes the difference of the subject and the consistency between speaking time and event time, affects the emphasis of semantic.(3) The semantic contents have counter-restriction on the pragmatic environment:because of the semantic contents of the "ningke宁可" compound clauses, the unattainable best items must be hidden, and the selected items must have both pros and cons.On the basis of comprehensive investigation of the "ningke宁可”compound clauses, this paper investigates the conversion condition between "ningke宁可p, yebu也不q" and "ningke宁可p,ye也q"、" ningke宁可p,ye也q" and "ningke宁可p, dan但q","ningke宁可p,ye也q " and "jishi即使p,ye也q ",which enriches the research about the "ningke宁可”compound clauses.