| The Independent College is a new form emerged under the process of popularization of Chinese higher education, is a special product of which China adapts to the rapid development of higher education in a special situation, is an institutional change of the traditional mode of education and a new institutional arrangement. This new form, derived but different from the original system, is a derived institution managed by private mechanisms and operated by the laws of market. Under the right guidance and support of national policy, this institution made up the lack of original higher education system to some extent, showed its strong vitality, has formed clear political , social and economic performance in the short term and expended the space of development of private education in China. It playes an important role in deepening the reform and implementing the socialization of higher education in China. This system has certain rationality and efficiency advantages and belongs to the typical"Pareto Improvement"of the oringinal school system.However, as the new school system, the Independent College is a product under the national conditions of"Poor Country Runs Great Education"and based on the government behavior, the market orientation and the social needs, is a exploration of reform. Such innovative form can only be a transitional expedient."transitional period"is getting shortened with nonstandard running of some colleges and promulgation of the related state policies. It is easy to analyze the government's attitude to independent colleges at that time from the documents of"Suggestions on Standardizing and Enforcing the Regular Institutions of Higher Education to Run the Pilot Independent College with New Mechanisms and Models", promulgated by the Ministry of Education in 2003. Although the independent college had run to over 300, the government still use the word of"pilot"in documents, which attitude to this new form is still pilot and wait-and-see."Pilot"means that if it runs well and has certain strength, the college can be separated from the parent university and completely independent, and finally develop into real private universitiy. Otherwise, it would have the risk of the withdrawal and extinction by parent university. In April 2008, the document"Measures on the Setting and Management of the Independent College"( hereinafter Measures for short) was put into enforce."Measures"has further improved the original management system of Independent Colleges. We can appreciate the State's the attitude to the Independent College from the"Measures"which is to encourage and guide the well-managed colleges turn to private universities. A few months after the implementation of Measures, four independent colleges in the countrywide were the first to turn successfully, becoming the independent private universities, and promoted to admit the second batch students file. To those which don't reach the requirements of the sanctions, the"Measures"requires and limits them to rectify. Moreover,to those seriously offenders,the government forces them to terminate the college and merge into the parent university. There is a strong practical significance of studying the development of the Independent Colleges under such circumstances.Based on the analysis of national policies and regulations on the Independent Colleges and the examples of College J in Provincial J, this paper shows out the bottlenecks of constraining development of Independent Colleges, that is, deficiencies of the internal and external institutions, which are mainly reflected in: deficiencies of related national laws and policies of independent colleges, inadequacies of government support, such special design of enducation modes makes the Indepandent Colleges separate rather than independent; some problems happened in the internal institutions, such as unclear property rights system, the deficiencies of the Board system and poor operation of internal management mechanism. The author's suggestions to develop the Independent Colleges are to break through bottlenecks of the system, to turn betimes into the independent private Regular Institutions of Higher Education, and to achieve truly independent. Thus the college will completely straighten out the relationship of duty, rights and benefits with parent universities, further define the governance structure and college corporate property rights, which is better for playing the advantages of flexible operation mechanism and the features of"high-quality, independent, privately-run", creating much broader space for sustainable development and ensuring sustainable and healthy development of Independent Colleges."To Turn"is an inevitable trend for the survival and development of Independent Colleges. The Independent Colleges came into being under such a special background as popularization of higher education, expansion of enrollment and reform of education system. As a social problem, only relying on the colleges themselves and the support of chief Educational Administration Department can not guarantee the health and sustainable development of independent colleges. Its development also requires the support of other departments, such as the Government of the State Council, the land and the taxation departments, which create good institutional circumstances for ensuring the better development of Independent Colleges through changing the traditional ideas and concepts and transforming government functions.The Independent colleges is a new product in the process of rapid development and changing. Because of the diversity and complex main investment entity, there have been many different modes of school operation since its birth. In addition, school status varies as the geographical and provincial differences between different colleges. The proposal on the development of Independent colleges in this paper does not fit all of the independent colleges. The paper avoided some models such as the investment by state-owned assets and the"college in university"model, which not reach the"To Turn"requirements and have a lot of difficulties in the implementation of the"Measures"document requirements. Proposals to such colleges are to find the investors as soon as possible, to clear the property rights, stratify and liquidate the college between the partners, to establish a true board of directors, to standardize school norms, and to find out the suitable way and method to develop the independent model.Institutional Analysis has a very important significance to theoretical study of the Independent college, which provides an effective analytical tool or framework for the theoretical study of the Independent Colleges, becoming an important theoretical pillar of academic research on the Independent Colleges. This topic observes the same phenomenon with other people in a different way and a new point of view, that is, to consider the problem in a sociological perspective. The institution not only provides us with a code of conduct and brought us the efficiency, but also the shortages and the lag of supply of the institution would restrict the economic development. For the same reason, the bottleneck of development, the low-efficient system or system barriers are the important causes to influence the reform and development of independent colleges. The use of institutional analysis method, by which is according to the fact from systemic demonstration and research to answer and resolve problems in running a school, will help decision-makers more scientific in the design of the reform program, thus reducing the cost of institutional change.Although the author has been in independent college for many years, the theoretical level is limited and the basic data is less. Furthermore, the Independent College is a new product and an institutional innovation of the original system, resulting lately, mainly relying on the national corresponding policy norms, exploring in practice without ready-made experience for reference. Only can the author do is to try and practice to analyze the bottleneck of the development of independent college by combining the principle of sociology and the practice of educational working experience. The thesis may only touch the surface or part of the problem and lack of comprehensive, scientific and more in-depth research. However, the author thinks that sociology is to explore the familiar world around us, testing the results of studing sociology, at the same time, putting the experiences and lessons learnt from the work up to the theoretical level, arranged and rethought by discarding the dross and selecting the essential, eliminating the false and retaining the true, proceeding from the one to the other and from the outside to the inside and to further clear developing direction and ideas of job, in order to integrating theory with practice and applying what have learnt. Now the independent college is at its crucial choices moment of survival and development, this issue, with sincerely hope, can be considered as a reference for these independent college colleagues. |
