A Study Of "de (得)" In San Yan And Er Pai

San Yan and Er Pai is Nihuaben novels in the late Ming and the early Qing Dynasty. The language in them is approximately spoken language ,which is important materials for the language study of that period .We entirely described and analyzed the auxiliay word"de (得)"and the structures in relation to it from three levels including Syntax ,Semantics and Pragmatics. And we made historical prepective comparison with modern spoken Chinese,combining the dynamic and the static study .There are normal verb, the verb which means be able to do something and structural auxiliary particle to"de (得)",which are discussed in detail, Altogether there are six chapters in this paper.Chapter 1 is a brief introduction.It presents the chosen,documents, the studying bearings and the research findings of"de (得)".The methods and criteria on how to categorize the forms of"de (得)"complement have been introduced in this chapter.From chapter 2 to chapter 6 is the main part of the paper.Chaper 2 discusses the usage of"de (得)"as normal verb.Chapter 3 discusses the different usage of"de (得)"as a verb when its express possible meanings.Discusses the before and after componential position diversion in"VO bu de(不得)","V bu de (不得)O"and"V bu de (不得)+NP". Analyze the connection and differences of the usage of"guai bu de(怪不得)"in modern Chinese and mandarin Chinese.Chapter 4 discussed the usage of"de (得)"as structure auxiliary word in three aspcets,syntax structure ,semantic analysis and pragmatics expression of"Ke Neng"pattern.Chapter 5 discusses two forms of the custom usage of"de"(得)and anlaysis the representative exsamples.Chapter 6 discusses stative complements"Vde(得)C". We discussed it in three aspects, structure type ,accusatival condition in complement, semantic point analysis,and the hostorical comparison about three patterns.Through the analysis hereinbefore ,we can know the grammatical visage of"de (得)"in modern Chinese and find out the developing changes and inherence relation correlation structure between modern Chinese and mandarin Chinese.