On Hallucination

With great interest in the psychoanalytic theories and therapies of the psychoses, the article is aimed to pursue and understand the psychoanalytic theories about hallucination as it is one of the diagnostic symptoms of the psychoses, whereas the relevant part of clinical practices is not involved.Freud had firstly mentioned the hallucinations in his observations of hysterics, and his frequently used expression hallucinatory satisfaction can be dated back to the Project for a Scientific Psychology, and expresses the psychical primary processes by which the subject releases from the internal tension produced by needs through the cathexis of the images of a satisfactory object. Freud therefore conferred a hallucinatory nature on the primary process. Regression is the mechanism of hallucinatory satisfaction, and the opposition of the pleasure principle and the reality principle requests the transfer of the subject from the perceptual identity to the thought identity as well as the establishment of reality-testing which distinguishes between perception and memory. The pathologic hallucinations are designated as a type of defence.Lacan approached the hallucinations in his studies of psychoses. In the seminar of psychoses, by postulating the psychotic mechanism of the 'forclusion du nom du père', Lacan had formulated hallucination as 'the reappearance in the real of what has been rejected outside the symbolic'. By means of a structuralist linguistic analysis of delirium, Lacan had discussed the verbal hallucinations which revealed both the default of metaphor in the present signifiants and an allusion to the presence of an absent A. In his later discussions, Lacan had made hallucination a kind of substantialization of the Object a, that means, the presence of voice in its substantial form.