The Study Of Writing By Words Of Donggan Language

The "Donggan language" is a language used by the Donggans who were originally the Huis in Gansu and Shanxi provinces of China emigrated to the middle Asia mainly due to the war during the late 19th century,and now form a minority in Central Asia,with its people mainly living in the Republic of Kyrgyzstan,the Republic of Kazakstan and the Republic of Uzbekistan.The "Donggan language" spoken by the Donggans is actually a Northwest dialect of Chinese.And the Donggans took the Chinese language away but left the Chinese characters behind at that time.In order to preserve and effectively use their own language, the Donggans made great efforts to break various mythology that the Chinese character was difficult to be transfered to alphabetic writing, and finally created Chinese phonemic writing called "Donggan writing" based on the northwest dialect in Central Asia. They once used the Arabic numerals,the Latin alphabets and the Slav latters to create the phoneme system writing for "Donggan language"on the phonetic base of the Gansu dialect.And the "Donggan language" writing with the Slav letters has been used up to now.This kind of language selects the writing by words method which is generally used in the phonemic writing and has already practiced for more than 50 years up to now.This article researches the writing type and orthography of the "Donggan language" and tries to obtain some references including experience and lessons to inprove Hanyu Pinyin Orthography.This article consists of 5 parts:Chapter 1, is a introduction of this paper.Chapter 2, is a simple introduction of "Donggan language", including the main features of its phonetics, lexis and syntax, as well as a survey of "Donggan language" Orthography and Hanyu Pinyin Orthography.Chapter 3, is the analysis the practice of the writing type of "Donggan language"based on the language materials carefully selected, including the relevant structures of nouns, numeral-classifier compounds, verbs, adverbs and function words. And among all the structures, the writing forms may differ in the same structure. The phenomenon is involved in the major examples listed in this part.Chapter 4, is a contrastive study of "Donggan language" Orthography and Hanyu Pinyin Orthography, including the contrasts of full word, function word, idiom, capital letter, division of a word and intonation mark.Chapter 5, is a summary of this paper. The author summarizes not only the characteristics of the writing type of "Donggan language",but also the enlightenment of the Proximity principle and Attachment principle of writing by words in "Donggan language"to Hanyu Pinyin Orthography.Lastly,the author encloses herewith the whole adapted language materials and a table of 5,313 words in the language materials.