Study On The Conservative Bureaucratic Faction Of The Late Qing

I mainly summarise the backgroud and contributing factor of the conservative bureaucratic faction of the late Qing,discuss the evolution of it in historty, generalize its fundamental thougt and trait, and evalute it in brief. Through the study on the conservative bureaucratic faction of the late Qing, we hope that it offers the experience for socialism reformation .Therefore we must emancipate our mind , make progress everyday during carrying out the reformation so that we can adapt to the time.In the introduction,I chiefly introdice the present research condition about the thesis and its original ideas, difficuties . In this part,I stressly exspoud the implication of the conservative bureaucratic faction of the late Qing: What is called the conservative bureaucratic faction of the late Qing is the political faction which appears in the ruling class of last Qing agaist learning from the west and does not adapt to the time in the backgroud when China seeks for the process of the innovation from 1861 to 1911. The shared feature of the conservative bureaucratic faction of the late Qing and the conservative faction in history is that : be conservative and ignorant, be self-important, stand still and refuse to make progress, cherish the outmoded and preserve the outworen. It appears the new feature in the time of the late Qing: firmly oppose the measure and concept to emulate the west science and technology, political system, thougt and culture. They scrupously observe the sterotyped Confuianism of Cheng-Zhu, political system and instruction of their forefathers.Appearance of the faction is closely related to both international backgroud and domestic backgroud. I introduce not only the rapid development of the captalism and its aggression to the East but also the tremendouse conflict because of the international exchange in the first half of the paragraph. Then, I generalize feudal system of the Qing Dynasty, the great change which the foreigns invade China and the conflict caused by the contradict of preservation and reformation . The cause of appearance of the faction includes two sides: object cause such as economic, politcal, cutrual, military and diplomacy; subject cause such as the influence of the traditional ideas and their family backgroud , education and social experience.The evolution of the faction in history undergoes the three stage: of the"oppose the Yang Wu" ,of the "oppose the political reform about 'Wei-Xin'", "kill out and expel the whole foreign". The first stage is called the "oppose the Yang Wu"from 1861 to 1895. In the stage, the main members of the faction contains are Wo Ren, Li Hong-zao, Song Jin, Yu Ling-chen, Wang Jia-bi, Liu Xi-hong and so on.Wo Ren and Li Hong-zao are their leaders. They all stand up to learn the west science and technology, against the economic innovation. It is the second stage from 1895 to 1901. It is called the "oppose the political reform about 'Wei-Xin'". The members of the faction in this phrase are Gang Yi, Xu Tong, Yang Chong-yi, Huai Ta-bu, Xu Ying-kui, Wen Ti and so on. The third is called the "kill out and expel the whole foreign". The members of the faction in this phrase are Zai Yi, Zai Xun, Gang Yi, Zhao Shu-qiao, Xu Tong, Yu Xian and so on. Among them Zai Yi is their leader. But the Boxer Uprising is defeated , the conservative official faction falls apart. Their remains still play a negtive role in the Reform in the late Qing.The fundermantal thought of the faction lies in : persists in regarding the agriculture as the core of the economy, against the development of the modern industy and business; basing the politics on the education in ethics and institution of the autocratic monarchy and against the political innovation in politics; the Confuianism of Chen-Zhu and the discrimination of China and the foreign, against learning the west culture in ideolgy. They are agaist the modernization of military affairs. They are also against the modern diplomatic concept, preserve the traditional ceremony and propriety. Their basic feature is generalized...