Study On Improvement Of Cultural Technique In Baishui Apple Orchard

Through analysis the present situation of apple industrial development in Baishui County, Shaanxi Province, we think there existed some main problems in Baishui apple production at present. First, the shape of tree was not standard, the ventilation and light-admitting quality were bad, the fruit rate was low, and they had limited the apple output and the quality enhancement; Second, the soil fertility was barren, the technology of applying fertilizer was backward, the method was unitary; Third, it was lack of water, apple tree grew in this arid environment in the long term, but the technology of orchard water management was backward. Therefore, we carry out a series of related experimental study, for instance, the apple tree shape improvement,reducing the density, the technology of branches strong pulling , planting and covering grass in the orchard , hole fertilizing technique and bagging ,etc. The result indicated:1. After applying the above technologies, the body structure of apple trees tended to be standard and gradually reasonable, the condition of ventilation and light-admitting had obviously improved, branch proportion became suitable, the average blade weight per hundred leaves grew 25.4%; The blossoming rate had increased, and the flower bud quality was high, the high and low yield year phenomenon eliminated gradually, branch germinating rate enhanced 9%, forming fruit rate enhanced 27.27%. The leaf blade nutrient content had entirely improved in large scale, the Kalium content grew 101.56%, Phosphorus content grew 45.45%, Zinc content grew 31.9%. The fruit quality and the output had enhanced dramatically, the fruit shape index enhanced 0.02, the single fruit weight enhanced 16.5g, the superior fruit rate enhanced 27%, the marketed proportion enhanced 18%, production increased 177.8%. Different terrain orchard's inflorescence forming fruit rate had remarkable difference, the flat land > the ditch > the marsh land. The orchard different pollination tree proportion also had greatly affected forming fruit rate, the pollination tree proportion was high, inflorescence forming fruit rate and the average inflorescence forming fruit rate was high. After the intermediate cuttings, inflorescence forming fruit rate enhances 6.2% compared to the comparison, before the flower, the complex shears may enhance inflorescence forming fruit rate 18%. The brown spot of apple formation rate dropped from 4.75% to 0.142%, the condition index dropped from 21.76% to 2.90%.2. After planting clover in the orchard, the surface soil (0～60cm) moisture less than the places where did not plant grass, and reduced along with the soil layer deepening. The soil layer (60～100cm) moisture improved compared to the places where did not plant grass. After planting the grass 4 years continuously, orchard planting the grass soil layer (0-20cm) soil organic fertilizer enhanced 0.28% and 0.08% growth went to soil layer (20-40cm); the 0-20cm soil layer entire nitrogen content enhanced 0.015%,20-40cm enhanced 0.013%; the 0-20cm soil layer fast-acting nitrogen content increased 16mg/kg,20-40cm increased 13mg/kg; the 0-20cm soil layer fast-acting phosphorus increased 1.5mg/kg,20-40cm increased 1.1mg/kg; the 0-20cm soil layer fast-acting potassium increased 14mg/kg,20-40cm increased 12mg/kg. After 4 years, forming fruit rate enhanced 12.5%, increasing production 25%～30%, the fruit coloration rate enhanced 32.5%. The output enhanced 80 kg/667m2 , above the 75# fruit rate increased 150.9%, the entire red fruit rate (above 90% colored surface) enhanced 72.7%,the 70% color the fruit rate enhanced 58.9%, considering fruit size and surface coloration situation, the superior fruit rate enhanced 93.8%.3. Covering orchard with wheat straw may enhance the fruit tree root soil moisture level, in the 0-100cm soil layer the cover garden soil water storage quantity reached 153.6mm, 13.69% higher than comparison. After covering orchard with grass, the root soil moisture environment improved, promoted the fruit tree body's growth, the duplicate grass garden newly periphery length increased 1.6-3.5cm on average, the single leaf area increased 0.6-1.2cm2, the average blade weight per hundred leaves increased 0.3-1.3g. The output enhanced 4.2kg/ in the duplicate grass garden compared to comparison garden, the single fruit enhanced 4.5g , the degree of hardness enhanced 0.3 kg/cm2, the fruit sugar content enhanced 0.5%.4. The hole fertilizing techniques markedly improved fruit tree rhizosphere's moisture and t nutrient condition, promoted the tree body's growth, compared with the comparison, the newly periphery length grew 2.5-2.9cm equally, the single leaf area grew 0.9-1.1cm2 on average, the average blade fresh weight per hundred leaves grew 0.4-1.6g equally. The single fruit weight increased 8.7g, the output enhanced 11.8% compared to the comparison.5. It was better to bag immediately in 30-40 days after flowering period in the Baihui orchard. Yellow varieties should bag in 15-20 days after flowering, late red varieties should bag in 45 days after flowering. The best time of removing bags was September 20th–October 10th , within 7-9 days after removing bags ,fruits were the best, the fruit surface color was red or partly-red to fully-red, the degree of coloring was fresh red, the fruit surface felt smooth and bright, the pericarp was delicate, fruit point was not obvious, picking fruit was popular and it saled most during this time.