| Eliminating poverty,improving people’s livelihood and gradually realizing common prosperity are the essential requirements of socialism.Poverty control is a necessary requirement for China’s high-quality economic development and an important way to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects.Since reform and opening up,China has gradually explored and blazed a path of poverty alleviation and development with its own characteristics in light of its national conditions and development situation.After eight years of continuous struggle,China has eradicated absolute poverty nationwide and won an overall victory in the battle against poverty.Against the backdrop that global poverty remains severe and the wealth gap in some countries is worsening,China has won the battle against poverty and achieved the poverty reduction target set in the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 10 years ahead of schedule.However,this is only an important milestone in the course of poverty alleviation in China,and poverty control is not over yet.The problem of the continuous increase of the income of the poor people and the relative poverty caused by the gap between the rich and the poor are still serious.Poverty is a comprehensive and multi-level social phenomenon,which needs to be viewed dynamically.The poverty alleviation and development work needs the government to provide financial subsidies to help the poor groups solve the income problem,and cultivating the selfdevelopment ability of the poor is the foundation of poverty governance.The situation of poverty alleviation determines the choice of poverty alleviation strategies and policies,and changes in the situation require adaptive innovation of strategies and systems.Therefore,it is of practical significance to accurately identify the poverty change mechanism,scientifically evaluate the existing poverty alleviation policies,and deeply explore the mechanism for improving the self-development ability of poor areas and poor groups to consolidate the achievements of poverty alleviation and explore a long-term path to poverty reduction.Therefore,this paper makes a thorough and systematic study of the internal relationship between China’s poverty alleviation policies and the effects of regional advanced poverty alleviation,and draws the following conclusions.First of all,this paper starts from the historical development and combines the reality of poverty alleviation,combs and summarizes the implementation of China’s poverty alleviation and development policies,and then builds a logical analysis framework for China’s "advanced poverty alleviation",providing theoretical and logical support for the subsequent empirical analysis.This paper first reviews the development context of the adjustment of poverty alleviation policies,and divides the historical process of China’s poverty alleviation reform into "the stage of poverty reduction promoted by the reform of the rural economic system","the stage of regional development oriented poverty alleviation targeted at the county","the stage of comprehensive poverty alleviation and development promoted by the whole village",and "the stage of poverty alleviation around the targeted poverty alleviation strategy".In the whole development process,the goal of poverty alleviation policy has changed from alleviating overall poverty to focusing on solving regional poverty.The focus of poverty alleviation work has changed from poor counties to poor villages and poor households.Dynamic management is implemented through filing,and a comprehensive poverty alleviation policy system is built.In the part of the analysis of domestic and foreign practice cases and poverty alleviation measures,the basic situation and poverty characteristics of Jimaodian Village are introduced at first,and then the main poverty alleviation and development measures implemented are analyzed.Jimaodian Village is a village inhabited by ethnic minorities in Sichuan Province.Due to poor local natural conditions,weak infrastructure,high cost and difficulty in poverty alleviation,the living and development conditions of the villagers are limited and the poverty level is serious.After poverty alleviation and development in recent years,Jimaodian Village has achieved the goal of poverty alleviation,and the self-development ability and survival skill of poor farmers have been greatly improved.Secondly,the poverty alleviation measures taken abroad mainly involve fiscal support,industrial development,employment assistance,financial support and digital technology,all of which aim to improve the self-development ability of the poor groups and poor groups,so as to reduce poverty.On this basis,based on the ability poverty theory proposed by Amartya Sen and the internal connection of ability deprivation,poverty degree and poverty relief demand,the paper analyzes the poverty relief stages of the connotation of poverty relief policy reform,further analyzes the logic of China’s poverty relief policy gradient,and thus builds a logical analysis framework of China’s "advanced poverty relief".Secondly,based on micro survey data and statistical yearbook data,this paper dynamically identifies the changing characteristics of rural poverty and farmers’ income levels in China,and depicts the basic facts and status of financial poverty alleviation and self-development capacity of poor areas and poor groups.According to the analysis of the changing trend and characteristics of rural poverty in China,based on the perspective of absolute poverty and relative poverty,analyze the changing characteristics of poverty level.The study found that the scale of the poor population and the incidence of poverty in the country and poor areas have decreased significantly year after year,and the distribution of the poor population in the east,the middle and the west is high in the west and low in the east;The relative poverty level across the country is on the rise.With 60% of the median per capita net income as the relative poverty line,the incidence of relative poverty across the country is increasing year by year and the proportion of farmers is declining.The analysis of the change of farmers’ income level in China is carried out from the national and provincial levels,the level of poor areas,and the comparison between urban and rural areas.It is found that the growth rate of farmers’ income level is fast,and the largest source of income for farmers has changed from net operating income to wage income.The relative gap between the income level of rural residents in the country and poor areas has decreased,but the absolute difference is still expanding.The transfer income of rural residents in poor areas has increased significantly,but the gap between their overall income level and the national average level is still mainly due to wage income and operating income.The analysis of basic facts and characteristics of financial poverty alleviation mainly introduces the use of financial poverty alleviation funds,including rural poverty alleviation development expenditure,special financial poverty alleviation funds,rural relief and government subsidies to farmers,and shows the government’s financial support for poverty alleviation from the perspective of local fiscal revenue and expenditure in national poverty counties and poverty alleviation reform pilot zones.It can be found that the government’s financial support for poverty alleviation and development has been expanding,and the scale of farmers benefited from government subsidies is also very large,which shows the strong determination of the government to eliminate poverty.In addition,the study of the current situation of the selfdevelopment ability of the poor areas and poor groups mainly analyzes the current situation and characteristics of the driving force for poverty alleviation from two aspects:the regional development ability and the individual endogenous power.The study found that the infrastructure and public service supply in poor areas are increasingly improved,but there are still obvious regional differences.At the same time,the upgrading of industrial structure has promoted regional economic development,which can absorb rural surplus labor and drive the poor groups to increase their income.The selfdevelopment ability of poor groups in employment,education and participation in the digital economy has been significantly enhanced,but there is still much room for improvement.Thirdly,the special financial poverty alleviation fund is the "guarantee money" for the fight against poverty,but it also causes the financial dependence of local governments in poor county to a certain extent.What impact this has on poverty reduction and income increase in the region needs to be tested by scientific assessment.This paper selects the panel data of 592 national poor counties from 2013 to 2018 as the research sample,and uses fixed effect model and instrumental variable method to identify the impact of county fiscal dependence on regional poverty reduction and income increase.On this basis,we further explore whether the poverty experience of county party secretary affects the relationship between county fiscal dependence and regional poverty reduction and income increase.The study found that,(1)The higher the dependence of the national poor county on the financial poverty alleviation funds of the higher government,the greater the inhibition effect on the improvement of the income level of local farmers.(2)Different regions of national poor counties,whether they are in ethnic minority provinces or not,and their different degree of fiscal dependence will lead to the heterogeneity of the impact of county-level fiscal dependence on regional poverty reduction and income increase.(3)When the county party secretary of the national poor county has poverty experience,the impact of reducing farmers’ income caused by the fiscal dependence of the areas under his jurisdiction will be effectively improved.Further research shows that the moderating effect of county party secretary’s poverty experience will have an indirect impact on the relationship between county-level fiscal dependence and regional poverty reduction and income increase through three channels of industrial development,health care and social welfare.Fourthly,the establishment of pilot areas for poverty alleviation reform is of great significance to the transformation of poverty stage under the new situation and the exploration of medium-and long-term poverty reduction paths.In this paper,the panel data of prefecture-level cities in 7 provinces from 2001 to 2020 are selected as research samples,and the establishment of three batches of experimental areas for poverty alleviation reform is used as a quasi-natural experiment.The synthetic control method is used to identify the poverty reduction effect of the policies in the experimental areas.First,the basic analysis of the heterogeneous poverty reduction effect is conducted from the perspective of income poverty.Then from the perspective of relative poverty,the overall effect of poverty reduction is further analyzed.Based on the self-development ability of the region,the mechanism is tested from the aspects of industrial structure,social investment and financial pressure.In the extension analysis part,the income spillover effect of the poverty alleviation reform pilot zone policy is further discussed.The study found that: In the analysis of heterogeneous policy effects based on income poverty,(1)The poverty reduction effect of the policy in the poverty alleviation reform pilot zone showed obvious regional heterogeneity:Lishui area has a positive poverty reduction effect;Zibo area has a negative poverty reduction effect;The poverty reduction effect in other regions is not obvious.This conclusion has passed a variety of validity tests and robustness tests.(2)Through sorting out the poverty alleviation reform measures in various regions,and combining with empirical analysis,it is found that industrial structure adjustment,social investment level and regional financial pressure are important pathway for the policy in the poverty alleviation reform pilot zone to produce heterogeneous poverty reduction effects,and there are significant differences in the impact of subdivided industries.(3)The spillover effect of poverty alleviation reform pilot zones on urban residents also has regional differences,indicating that the policy of the poverty alleviation reform pilot zone has a certain targeting bias in the accurate identification of poor groups.In the analysis of the overall policy effect based on relative poverty,(1)Except Lishui,the implementation of poverty alleviation reform pilot zones in other pilot cities all had a promoting effect on the relative poverty alleviation of local farmers.This is in sharp contrast to the estimated results of policy effects based on income poverty,indicating that poverty alleviation measures should focus on relative poverty on the basis of increasing income of poor groups.(2)On the whole,the establishment of the poverty alleviation reform pilot area has significantly promoted the income level of farmers in the region,and has significantly slowed down the relative poverty level of farmers in the region.(3)In terms of mechanism analysis,the policy of the poverty alleviation reform pilot area has weakened the relative poverty level of local farmers through the upgrading of industrial structure and local financial pressure,but has aggravated the relative poverty level of local farmers by increasing local social investment.Finally,the Fourteenth Five-Year Plan and the Outline of Vision Goals for 2035 made an important deployment of "accelerating the construction of digital villages".In this context,it is worth exploring whether the development of digital economy can give play to the poverty reduction effect of income growth and enable poverty governance.Using the data from 2014 to 2018 of China household tracking survey,this paper empirically analyzes the impact of digital economy development on the income level of rural households and the heterogeneous effect of the income increase of rural households under different poverty conditions.On this basis,focusing on the impact of individual self-development ability,this paper explores the mechanism of digital economy development on farmers’ income level from the aspects of employment creation effect and substitution effect,and "finance human society" capital investment effect.In the further analysis,it explores the impact of the development of digital economy on farmers’ subjective feelings of poverty.The findings are as follows:(1)The development of digital economy can effectively promote the improvement of the income level of rural households,which has experienced a process from negative to positive over time,and the degree of influence is increasing year by year.(2)The promotion effect of digital economy development on income level is affected by the poverty state of the rural households.The effect is strengthened for the rural households in the relative poverty state,while it is weakened for the rural households in the absolute poverty or deep poverty state.(3)The development of digital economy encourages rural households to engage in self-employed activities to start their own businesses.At the same time,it has a positive role in promoting rural households’ non-agricultural employment and multiple employment,thus promoting the improvement of rural households’ income level.(4)The development of digital economy can increase the income of rural households and reduce poverty by encouraging them to invest in financial products,improving the probability and total amount of loans for rural households,and increasing human capital investment and social capital investment.(5)The development of digital economy has aggravated the subjective relative poverty of rural households to a certain extent,and prompted rural households’ subjective evaluation of the social gap between rich and poor to become pessimistic.The research of this paper provides some new perspectives for the theoretical development of relevant fields,and provides some policy references for how to further promote the reform of poverty alleviation policies and the establishment of a long-term mechanism for poverty alleviation under the post-2020 anti-poverty strategy,helping to consolidate and expand the effective connection between the achievements of poverty alleviation and rural revitalization,and achieving common prosperity for all people. |
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