Agricultural Product Supply Chain Dominated By Farmer Cooperatives: System Construction,Collaboration And Revenue Coordination

With the acceleration of agricultural modernization,the contradiction between the traditional smallholder production and the large market has become increasingly prominent.The traditional supply chain mode of "farmers-agricultural product distribution market-retailers-consumers" has become insufficient to meet consumers’ personalized needs for agricultural products in terms of variety and quality.According to the law of evolutionary drift of the core organization of the supply chain,the agricultural product supply chain dominated by farmer cooperatives is a product of adapting to the development of agricultural modernization driven by multiple backgrounds.In the supply chain of main characteristic agricultural products,farmer cooperatives hold core resources such as bottleneck raw materials,core technologies or customers,and other core resources in the supply chain,and can determine the core competitive advantages of the entire supply chain,thus occupying the dominant position.The stable operation of the agricultural product supply chain dominated by farmer cooperatives is of great significance in ensuring the supply of agricultural products in the market,promoting farmers’ income,and helping rural revitalization.However,the number of agricultural product supply chains dominated by farmer cooperatives is relatively small,and once they are affected by disturbing factors,the supply chains are unstable and prone to breakage,making it difficult for them to fully exert their value.The stability of a supply chain is not determined by a single factor but is the result of the dynamic changes of several factors in the system.Currently,there are not many academic results on the agricultural product supply chain dominated by farmer cooperatives,and there is a lack of theoretical analysis and empirical research on this type of supply chain system.What are the characteristics of the operation of the agricultural product supply chain dominated by farmer cooperatives? What factors lead to the instability of the supply chain system? What is the optimization path of the supply chain system? This paper aims to construct a system for the agricultural product supply chain dominated by farmer cooperatives,aiming to optimize the supply chain system from the aspects of collaboration and revenue coordination,and providing a reference basis for the behavior and decision-making of relevant subjects in the supply chain.This study follows the law of "formation-development-stability" of supply chains.Firstly,it starts with the current situation of agricultural product supply chain dominated by farmer cooperatives and adopts case analysis and grounded theory research methods to sort out the characteristics and problems of agricultural product supply chain dominated by farmer cooperatives.Secondly,the study explores the construction of the agricultural product supply chain system dominated by farmer cooperatives.Starting with the meaning of supply chain system stability,structural equation models are used to determine the factors that affect the stability of agricultural product supply chain system dominated by farmer cooperatives and the path coefficients between them.Then,a supply chain system model is established from three dimensions of matching,interaction,and win-win,and simulation is conducted to deeply analyze the interrelationship among the components of the supply chain system dominated by farmer cooperatives and to verify the influence of loose cooperative relationship and unreasonable revenue distribution on the stability of the supply chain system in the operation of the supply chain.Then,under the premise of considering reward and punishment measures and "free-rider" behavior,a tripartite evolutionary game model of farmer cooperatives,processing enterprises,and sales enterprises is constructed.The supply chain collaborative cooperation mechanism is studied from the perspective of the main strategy selection in the supply chain and the specific factors that affect its strategy selection.Finally,this study constructs a dynamic pricing model for agricultural products under two modes of decentralized and centralized decision making,discusses the impact of the main parameters on the overall profit of the supply chain through numerical examples,and designs a revenue sharing coordination contract to explore how to price agricultural products and how to coordinate the overall revenue of the supply chain and the revenue between the node organizations through the setting of the revenue-sharing ratio.Finally,based on the above research,this study proposes the specific path to optimize the supply chain system of agricultural product dominated by farmer cooperatives.The results of this study are as follows:(1)From the perspective of theoretical analysis and practical situation,the supply chain of agricultural products dominated by farmer cooperatives is the future development trend,with its inevitability and feasibility.The agricultural product supply chain dominated by farmer cooperatives is of great significance for promoting farmers’ income,ensuring the quality of agricultural products,promoting agricultural modernization and the healthy development of agricultural product supply chain.(2)The agricultural product supply chain dominated by farmer cooperatives is still in the early stage of development,and it belongs to the responsive supply chain that focuses on characteristic agricultural products.Node organizations in the supply chain include farmer cooperatives,processing enterprises and sales enterprises.Each node organization presents different characteristics,reflected in aspects such as scale,capacity and resource endowment.The characteristics of the relationship between organizations are reflected in six aspects: partner selection,contract duration,default issues,monitoring mechanisms,cooperative relationships,and competitive relationships.(3)The agricultural product supply chain dominated by farmer cooperatives is a complex system,and the stability of the supply chain system is affected by multiple factors within the system.The external environment of the system has a positive impact on system stability.The supply chain system is divided into three subsystems: matching,interactivity,and win-win.From the perspective of the development trend of the three subsystems,interactivity and win-win have shown a significant downward trend in the mid and late stages,which is the main reason for the decline in the stability of the supply chain system in the mid and late stages.According to the characteristics of the interactive and win-win modules,it can be seen that the next issue to be solved is how to promote collaboration and revenue coordination among node organizations in the supply chain to avoid the decline of the supply chain system stability,and further optimize the agricultural product supply chain system dominated by farmer cooperatives.(4)The implementation of strict regulatory strategy by farmer cooperatives and the increase in rewards and punishments are conducive to the promotion of synergistic collaboration between processing and sales enterprises,but the increase in regulatory costs is not conducive to the benefits of farmer cooperatives themselves,so farmer cooperatives tend to adopt a loose regulatory strategy.The increase in additional income,rewards and penalties,and the improvement in synergy coefficient will increase the probability of the system evolving to Pareto optimality,accelerating the realization of comprehensive collaboration in the agricultural product supply chain dominated by farmer cooperatives.The increase in collaboration cost and "free-rider" income will reduce the probability of achieving comprehensive collaboration.(5)Revenue conflicts between node organizations in the supply chain are mainly reflected in the pricing of agricultural products.Pricing agricultural products under centralized decision-making and setting revenue sharing contracts are conducive to achieving Pareto improvement of each node organization in the supply chain.The revenue sharing ratio is related to the degree of agricultural products characteristics,the purchase price of downstream enterprises,and the market demand for characteristic agricultural products.The higher the degree of agricultural products characteristics produced by farmer cooperatives,the higher the revenue sharing ratio,and the farmer cooperatives will share more revenue in the supply chain.(6)The specific path to promote the optimization of the supply chain system is proposed from two aspects: promoting the formation of the agricultural product supply chain dominated by farmer cooperatives and ensuring its stable operation.Firstly,strengthen the leading ability of farmer cooperatives by relying on characteristic agricultural products;Secondly,improve the supply chain trust mechanism,and improve the degree of trust between node organizations;Thirdly,enhance the interactivity of the supply chain system by multi-agent and multi-link collaboration;Fourthly,emphasize the concept of win-win and fairness,and improve the win-win performance of the supply chain system.Compared with previous studies,the innovation of this paper is mainly reflected in three aspects:from the academic perspective,previous studies ignored the possibility of farmer cooperatives as the core organization in the agricultural product supply chain.This paper will focus on the research of the three-level agricultural product supply chain of "farmer cooperatives + processing enterprises+ sales enterprises" dominated by farmer cooperatives from the perspective of farmer cooperatives;In terms of research content,this article builds a comprehensive theoretical framework for this study based on multiple classic theories of economics and management.At the same time,it applies the thinking of management science and engineering to the research field of agricultural economy,making it possible to combine farmer cooperatives with the development of agricultural product supply chains,enriching the research content in relevant fields,which provides the theoretical guidance and practical basis for the systematic operation of the agricultural product supply chain dominated by farmer cooperatives;In terms of research methods,the combination of structural equation models and system dynamics methods can more comprehensively and accurately present the dynamic evolution of the relationship between the elements and the actual operation of the agricultural product supply chain system dominated by farmer cooperatives;By constructing a tripartite evolutionary game model among farmer cooperatives,processing enterprises,and sales enterprises,the stability of tripartite collaboration is explored from the perspective of dynamic analysis;"The degree of agricultural products characteristics" is considered in the demand function,and the Stackelberg game model is applied to study agricultural product pricing strategies,thereby optimizing the internal revenue distribution mechanism of the agricultural product supply chain.