Study On Paid Withdrawal Of Rural Households’ Land Contracted Management Right In New Era

The importance of land is hard to be described in the form of text for farmers who need land to maintain basic living needs.Furthermore,the land system is the most important and fundamental system arrangement for rural economy and society for a large country like China with more than 500 million rural populations.In just a few years from the initiation of the all-round contract in Xiaogang Village,Anhui Province in 1978 to the full establishment of the household contracted responsibility system in rural areas of China in 1986,it is the new land system arrangement that effectively stimulates the enthusiasm of farmers for production,rapidly ensures people’s basic living needs,lays a solid foundation for the great practice of reform and opening up,and creates a stable social environment.So it’s no need to repeat the critical significance of rural land system.More than 40 years’ reform and opening up have fully proven that agricultural land system arrangements suitable for agricultural,rural and farmers’ development can effectively promote agricultural development,increase farmers’ income,and ensure rural stability and tranquility,and vice versa.The prerequisites for all of these are to carry out experiments and reforms.If not,the evolution will be more difficult to move toward the expected direction.With the economic and social development of urban and rural areas,a large number of rural labor forces are separated from agricultural production and rural areas.The transition of the relationship between urban and rural population results in a significant change in the functional role of rural land and land system,and such changes are especially manifested in the function of land to absorb employment and the role of land system in encouraging farmers to participate in production,and the property function of land as a fixed "asset" is gradually enhanced.In the process,some long-term agricultural transfer population may no longer carry out agricultural production activities to maintain the basic needs of families,so the role of land on these families and the relationship between land and farmers have changed quietly,and people’s attitude toward land has also changed greatly.The non-movable attribute of land,as well as the state of long-term separation between farmers and land,puts forward new demands for the further reform of rural land system,and claiming rights to land gradually becomes the practical needs of some rural households.With the continuous transfer of agricultural labor force to non-agricultural fields,it’s need to protect farmers rights in rural areas,so as to unblock channels for rural households who are willing to convert such rights into other types of assets.From the perspective of agriculture and rural areas,the small-scale production,low efficiency,and insufficient income of family management have obviously restricted the process of agricultural and rural modernization.The establishment and implementation of "separation of three rights" system of rural land enhances the ability of contracted farmers to "withdraw from contracted land" by means of "transfer".In the new era,the newly revised Law on Land Contract in Rural Areas also has special provisions on "the protection,exchange and transfer of land contracted management rights".The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19 th CPC Central Committee pointed out to “improve the market-oriented withdrawal mechanism and supporting policies for rural households’ ‘three rights’ ”.The discussion of withdrawal of farmer’s contracted management rights of land is to explore how to eliminate the obstacles that hinder the flow of land factors,set up unimpeded channels for rural households to transfer land rights and interests,promote the independent and orderly flow of land factors,and then to build a positive growth order for the high-quality development of rural economy and society.On the theoretical basis of Marx’s theory of productive forces and production relations,Marx’s interest theory,land property right theory,institutional change theory,bounded rationality theory,and externality theory,this paper expounds the great practical significance of guiding some conditional rural households to withdraw from the land contracted management right,introduces the experience of three areas undertaking the experimental tasks of "land contracted management right withdrawal" in the second batch of experimental zones for carrying out rural reform,analyzes the feasibility of rural households to withdraw from the contracted land from the aspects of theory,law,policies and regulations,and realistic levels,and analyzes the willingness,influencing factors,and main demands of rural households to withdraw from the contracted land by using questionnaires,interviews and metrology tools.On the aforesaid basis,the paper discusses the way and specific promotion ideas of paid withdrawal of farmer’s contracted management rights of land.Main conclusions of this paper are as follows: First,several experimental areas have accumulated valuable experiences in promoting the land contracted management right withdrawal in terms of withdraw forms,compensation subjects,compensation criteria,reuse of withdrawed land,and other rights arrangements for rural households withdrawing from land as rural collective members,which are worthy of further experiment and promotion on a larger scale.However,it should be noted that,the withdrawal from the contracted land of some rural households in several pilot areas has no obvious effect on other farmers who stay in rural areas and work in agriculture to expand the scale of land production and operation,and there are "hidden dangers" that are not conducive to remaining farmers to improve the moderate scale management of land.Second,from the survey of rural households’ willingness to withdraw from the contracted land,306 of all 581 interviewed rural households said they were willing to withdraw from the the contracted land management right "on the premise of obtaining certain compensation",accounting for 52.67%;there are also275 people who directly expressed their unwillingness to withdraw from the contracted land,with a proportion as high as 48.41%.The opinions on rural households’ "willingness" and "unwillingness" to withdraw from the the contracted land management right are very explicit,which reflects the diversified needs of rural households after differentiation.Through field interview,questionnaire survey and using logistic model for regression analysis,the results show that the gender of interviewees,the size of family population,the distance between family address and county seat,the area of farmers’ contracted collective land,and the proportion of agricultural production and operation income in total household income have a significant impact on farmers’ decision-making of "willing to withdraw from land contracted management right",which passes the significance test.Third,with regard to the subject qualification of rural households withdrawing from land,according to the degree of rural households’ dependence on land and from the perspective of the types of rural households differentiation,it is proposed that "non-rural households",especially "non-rural households" whose agricultural income accounts for less than 5% of the total family income should be guided and supported to withdraw from the contracted land;according to the income level of rural households which are grouped by five equal parts of income,20% of the families in the high-income group of rural residents can be guided to withdraw from the contracted land;and in combination with the actual circumstances of all localities,families that have not implemented agricultural production and management activities,of special types,and of identity transformation can also be guided to withdraw from the contracted land.Fourth,with regard to the specific undertaking subject of rural households’ withdrawal from the land contracted management right,in addition to the statutory undertaking subject,this paper advocates to attract external members to join the specific rural collective economic organization by certain ways,such as learning from the urban "integral settlement system",so as to obtain the subject qualification of the transferred land contracted management right,expand the radius of potential undertaking subjects,and better protect and realize the land rights and interests of withdrawal rural households.Fifth,with regard to the behavior of rural households withdrawing from the land contractual management right,it is considered that rural households’ land withdrawal behavior should be the withdrawal of the land contractual management right(property right),rather than the withdrawal of the membership of rural collective economic organizations,this behavior takes the family as its basic unit,it is "permanent withdrawal" rather than the withdrawal of a certain period of time.It is different from some scholars’ view that rural households withdrawing from contracted land should be on the premise of losing the membership of rural collective economic organizations.In order to better meet the "medium and long-term demand for the use of Homestead" of some rural households,when withdrawal rural households need to recontract the collective land,they can also obtain it in the form of transfer with other households,which is conducive to reducing the resistance to the withdrawal reform of contracted land,and can also reduce the concerns of withdrawal rural households.Sixth,with regard to the compensation subjects of rural households withdrawing from the land contractual management right,it should be adapted according to local conditions.In areas with strong rural collective economic strength,the compensation should be mainly made by rural collective economic organizations,and at the same time,other business subjects that are willing to obtain the land contract management right withdrawed by the rural households should be supported to make compensation.In areas where rural collective economic strength is relatively weak,credit products endorsed by the government and developed by financial institutions should be explored to support rural collective economic organizations or other business subjects,so as to improve the compensation capacity for rural households withdrawing from land.Seventh,with regard to the compensation criteria for land contracted management right,it is proposed that local governments may formulate the guidance price for rural households’ withdrawal,and may also set ceiling line and bottom line.When farmers collective accepts the land contractual management right withdrawed by rural households,the guidance price should be strictly implemented.While market transactions should be encouraged to protect the rights and interests of relevant subjects,where general subjects accept the land contractual management right withdrawed by rural households.Eighth,with regard to the compensation way for withdrawing rural households,it is proposed that: for some rural households with a higher degree of differentiation,the compensation should predominantly be made by means of one-time cash compensation;for rural households with a relatively low degree of differentiation,the compensation can be made by means of regular cash compensation;for some "special types of families",one-time cash compensation should not be adopted as far as possible,to ensure that the long-term livelihood of such rural households is guaranteed.Ninth,with regard to thoughts and suggestions on promoting rural households to withdraw from the land contractual management right,it is proposed to accelerate the introduction of the interim regulations on the assignment and transfer of the right to use the farmers collective owned land,establish a standardized market for the transfer of the land contractual management right,promote the development of the new rural collective economy with high quality,and improve the security system of withdrawal.