The Impact Of China’s Housing Security System On The Residence Mode Of Migrant Workers

The report of the 18 th CPC National Congress proposed that the citizenization of migrant workers was not only the fundamental way to crack the urban-rural dual structure,but also an important starting point to expand domestic demand and adjust the economic structure.Especially with the impact of the current epidemic,promoting the urban integration of migrant workers is also of great practical significance for stabilizing economic development and stimulating the domestic demand.Therefore,it is of great policy significance to study the residence mode of migrant workers and analyze the reasons that hinder them from staying in the cities.At the same time,according to the data of China Household Finance Survey,the migration mode of migrant workers has gradually changed from the non-stop migratory bird migration between urban and rural areas to the family migration into the city,completely separated from agricultural production,and gradually precipitated in the city to form a real urbanization rate.Therefore,the study on the residence mode of migrant workers not only can conform to the changing trend of population mobility,but also an important add to the study of population mobility.The residence mode is directly affected by the residence cost.Therefore,in the current situation that the housing price is too high relative to the income level,the housing security system is very important for the long-term residence of migrant workers.However,for a long time,China’s housing security system mainly focuses on protecting urban families,and few migrant workers enjoy "housing welfare".According to the data of the National Bureau of statistics,only2.9% of migrant workers in cities enjoyed affordable housing in 2018.Therefore,based on the detailed description of the current situation of the residence mode of migrant workers,this paper focuses on the impact of the housing security system on the urban residence mode of migrant workers,aiming to reveal the role of the development of housing security on the urban integration of migrant workers.In the existing literature,there have been studies on the residence mode and housing security system of migrant workers,but there is a lack of research on the impact of housing security system on the residence mode of migrant workers.The existing research involves the impact of housing cost on the residence mode.Based on the existing research,this paper connects the two through housing cost,and analyzes the impact of housing security system on the residence mode of migrant workers.The theoretical support of this paper mainly includes two categories: Labor Mobility Theory and Housing Tenure Choice Theory.The residence of migrant workers in urban areas is divided into two processes: first,choose whether to flow and the specific location of inflow.This process belongs to the flow of labor force,so it takes the labor force flow theory as the theoretical support;After that,migrant workers choose the way of living,living conditions and staying time.This process belongs to living choice.Therefore,it takes the relevant theories of housing choice as the theoretical support.On the basis of combing the existing literature and relevant theories,this paper summarizes two main ways that the housing security system will affect the residence mode of migrant workers: first,the housing security system will directly reduce the housing burden of migrant workers and affect the residence mode of migrant workers by providing low-cost housing for migrant workers;The second is indirect impact.The housing security system of each city has an impact on the choice of inflow place and living mode of migrant workers by affecting local house prices.At the same time,house prices will affect the residence mode of migrant workers by affecting their housing burden.This paper comprehensively uses the historical analysis method and the quantitative analysis method based on the survey data.Based on combing the relevant concepts and theories and summarizing the development characteristics of housing security system,this paper further carries out quantitative analysis.Firstly,this paper comprehensively uses the dynamic monitoring survey data of China’s floating population,the survey data of China household finance survey,the census micro data and the national 1% population sampling survey micro data,combined with the definition of residence mode in the existing literature,and makes a detailed description and analysis of the residence mode of migrant workers,including residence mode,residence status,local integration,residence willingness and residence isolation choice.Secondly,the paper using conditional logit model,OLS model,probit model and ordered probit model to make basic estimation,analyze and study the impact of housing security access on migrant workers’ urban residence mode.In addition,considering the robustness of the estimation results,this paper will conduct a series of robustness tests.Finally,this paper will mainly analyze the heterogeneity of different generations of migrant workers,and explore the intergenerational differences of migrant workers’ residence patterns affected by the housing market.As for the empirical analysis part,based on the theoretical discussion of the direct and indirect impact of the housing security system on the residence mode of migrant workers,this paper makes two empirical analyses: first,taking the housing burden as the main explanatory variable,this paper analyzes the impact of the housing market on the residence mode of migrant workers,including the impact of house prices on the choice of migrant workers’ inflow places and the impact of housing burden on the residence mode of migrant workers,At the same time,combined with the conclusions of existing literature on housing security inhibiting the rise of house prices(Wang Xianzhu and Zhao Fengjun,2009;Gao Bo,2010),this paper analyzes the indirect impact of housing security system on the residence mode of migrant workers.The reason why this paper uses the housing burden is that the premise of the impact of the housing security system on the residence mode of migrant workers is that the residence mode of migrant workers is affected by the housing burden,while the housing security system reduces their housing burden by providing low-cost housing for migrant workers,thus affecting their residence mode.Therefore,before analyzing the impact of affordable housing access on the residence mode of migrant workers,this paper needs to verify the impact of housing burden on the residence mode of migrant workers,which is the reason why this paper uses housing burden.Second,taking the access of affordable housing as the proxy variable of the development of housing security system,this paper analyzes the direct impact of housing security system on the residence mode of migrant workers.The main conclusions of this paper include:(1)At present,the housing ownership rate of migrant workers in China is low,and only 19.3% of migrant workers live in their own housing.However,within the migrant workers’ families,there are great differences in residence patterns between self-employed migrant workers and non self-employed migrant workers.Compared with migrant workers living in their own housing,migrant workers who rent have worse living conditions,less local integration and weaker willingness to stay.The residential segregation of migrant workers’ families also needs to be improved.The residential segregation level is higher than the average level of floating population which is affected by the development of urban housing market and the level of urban economy and public services.In addition,through the analysis of the choice of residential community of migrant workers’ families,this paper finds that the degree of residential segregation of migrant workers shows a trend of increasing instead of decreasing,which is worthy of further attention.(2)The housing burden is measured by the ratio of house price to income in the city where migrant workers are located,and the impact of housing burden on the residence mode of migrant workers is investigated.The housing burden has a significant negative impact on whether migrant workers’ families live in their own houses and the degree of residential crowding,but has a positive impact on the local integration and subjective residence willingness of migrant workers’ families who rent.This paper holds that its positive impact mainly comes from two aspects.On the one hand,house prices reflect the vitality and development expectation of the city’s future development,and the pursuit of house prices is actually the pursuit of the advantageous conditions of big cities;On the other hand,the growth of house prices has promoted the increase of fiscal revenue,improved the level of infrastructure and public services,and strengthened the city’s attraction to the floating population and willingness to settle down.(3)In terms of the direct impact of the housing security system on the residence mode of migrant workers,this paper constructs indicators to measure the access threshold of affordable housing by collecting the requirements of 153 prefecture level cities on public rental housing applicants in terms of income,assets,housing,residence permit or temporary residence permit,labor contract,education background,graduation years,social security or provident fund payment,etc.It is found that with the reduction of the access threshold of affordable housing and the improvement of the level of urban housing security,the housing ownership rate of migrant workers and the living conditions,local integration and residence willingness of migrant workers who rent have increased to a certain extent.It can be seen that housing security helps migrant workers better stay in the city.However,the improvement of some of the above indicators is not obvious.I think the reason is that the policy has existed for a short time,so the effect of the policy has not yet appeared(major cities have not fully started to protect migrant workers and other outsiders since 2016).(4)Referring to the existing literature on the intergenerational differences of migrant workers,according to the year of birth of migrant workers,this paper divides migrant workers into the older generation of migrant workers,the Mesozoic generation of migrant workers and the new generation of migrant workers.It is found that there are obvious differences in the residence patterns of housing burden and housing security system for different intergenerational migrant workers’ families.Whether the older generation of migrant workers live in their own houses is relatively less affected by the housing burden,but the hardware conditions of their houses are greatly affected by the housing burden;Whether the Mesozoic migrant workers lived in their own houses was most affected by the housing burden,and their local integration behavior and attitude and residence intention were least affected by the housing burden;The behavior of the new generation of migrant workers to integrate into the local and their willingness to stay are greatly affected by the housing burden.I think the reason for the above differences may be that the motivation and behavioral logic of the three generations of migrant workers are different.The older generation of migrant workers pursue the maximization of survival,the Mesozoic migrant workers pursue the maximization of currency,and the new generation of migrant workers pursue the maximization of interests(Deng Dacai,2008).In addition,whether living in affordable housing or not has a certain impact on the living conditions and residence willingness of migrant workers who rent in different birth years.Living in affordable housing has a significant positive impact on the possibility of the new generation of migrant workers who rent planning to buy houses in the city and the length of time they plan to live in the city,but has no significant effect on the old generation of migrant workers who rent.The reason may be that compared with the older generation of migrant workers,the new generation of migrant workers have greater uncertainty about whether to buy a house in the city in the future and how long they plan to live in the city,and are more vulnerable to external factors.Therefore,housing security will significantly improve their residence in the city.Based on the above research findings: this paper puts forward the following policy suggestions for the housing security system.Under the policy background of "no speculation in housing",strictly preventing the rapid rise of housing prices and reducing the living burden of migrant workers’ families are of great positive significance for migrant workers’ families to improve their living conditions,improve the quality of migrant workers’ labor human capital and stabilize the supply of labor market.While curbing the rapid rise of house prices,local governments should ensure the stable supply of the housing market,avoid the further intensification of the residential isolation of migrant workers,and create conditions for the long-term and stable development of migrant workers’ families in urban areas.Cities should,in accordance with the spirit of "multi-agent supply and multi-channel security",provide various types of affordable housing,enrich the housing security model,and meet the needs of different generations of migrant workers’ families at different levels and different types of affordable housing.All cities should strengthen the publicity and implementation of relevant policies to realize the "housing" of migrant workers’ families as soon as possible.The main innovations of this paper include:(1)based on the research on the definition of residence mode by Sweeney(1974)and Ren Yuan(2014),this paper further expands the concept of residence mode,and uses a series of indicators to quantitatively measure the index of residence mode,especially fully discusses the residence isolation of migrant workers’ families,and deeply studies the residence mode of migrant workers from the perspective of real estate market development.(2)It enriches the specific analysis of the influencing factors of migrant workers’ family residence decision-making,explores the economic and policy factors affecting residence decision-making,and makes a more in-depth analysis of migrant workers’ residence in cities.(3)The comprehensive use of China’s floating population dynamic monitoring survey data,China household finance survey data and census micro data makes this paper comprehensively quantify the residence mode of migrant workers from multiple angles.(4)This paper summarizes the characteristics of urban housing security system,quantifies the access policy of affordable housing for urban floating population,constructs the access index of affordable housing in each city,evaluates the impact of different policy standards on the long-term residence and community integration of migrant workers’ families,and puts forward development suggestions for the corresponding housing security system.(5)This paper quantitatively analyzes the differences of the impact of housing burden and housing security system on the residence patterns of different generations of migrant workers,and further verifies the theoretical hypothesis that the motivation and behavioral logic of the three generations of migrant workers are different.Admittedly,there are still deficiencies in this study.Because the quantitative research of residential segregation has high requirements for micro survey data,however,the publicly available data that meets the requirements of data granularity is only the 2010 census data.Therefore,this paper only uses the 2010 data for the research of migrant workers’ residential isolation,and further research needs the results of data update.In addition,it was not until 2016 that the State Council made it clear that the protection objects of public rental housing should include "migrant workers who meet the access conditions of public rental housing for local urban residents,newly employed college students,young doctors,young teachers and other professionals",that major cities began to fully protect migrant workers and other migrant workers.Therefore,the time for cities to open affordable housing applications for outsiders is still limited,and the specific policy effect remains to be observed.Finally,in addition to housing security factors,the residence mode of migrant workers is related to migrant workers’ employment intention,work mobility intention,salary intention and other factors.This paper only analyzes the impact of housing security system on the residence mode of migrant workers,and does not involve other factors other than housing security.Future research can continue to explore various factors affecting the residence mode of migrant workers.