Research On The Optimization Decision Of Enterprise Emission Reduction Contract Under Green Supply Chai

Recently,global carbon emissions have increased rapidly,and the environmental problems caused by the greenhouse effect have emerged,causing frequent natural disasters and ecosystem damage,leading to potential hazards for the long-term and stable human society development.Industrialization development and transformation promote the social economy extensively,along with energy waste and overexploitation consequently.The environmental deterioration leads to the energy crisis and environmental pollution problems.To effectively ease the concerns mentioned above and achieve the sustainable development of the economy,low-carbon development has been drawing increasing attention from both governments and people globally.As the world’s second-largest economy,China has put forward specific goals for energy conservation and emission reduction.To achieve the goal of ‘carbon neutralization’ by2060,the Chinese government emphasizes low-carbon consumption and production,implements various carbon policies to restrict the emission reduction of enterprises,and promotes energy conservation and emission reduction in the whole society.Intending to control the total carbon emissions and promote sustainable development effectively,the Chinese government stimulated manufacturing emission reduction and low-carbon consumption.As such,the government needs to pay more attention to the emission reduction decision-making and coordination of the green supply chain.On the one hand,the government has implemented relevant laws and regulations,used carbon policies to restrain enterprises’ carbon emission behavior,and promoted the consumers’ green awareness,further established a low-carbon policy system,including carbon tax,carbon cap-and-trade policy and carbon labeling policy.On the other hand,low-carbon policy implementation increasingly boosts the consumers’ environmental protection awareness and gradually enhances market demand for green products.Facing the pressure of carbon policy constraints from the government and the lowcarbon preference consumers,many enterprises focus on environmental factors and take corresponding carbon emission reduction measures.They pursue low-carbon production,put forward requirements for carbon emission reduction of upstream and downstream cooperative enterprises.Focusing on the green supply chain,this thesis uses the game theory and dynamic optimization methods,with the help of wholesale price,cost-sharing and other coordination contracts,to build optimization models and further analyze based on the actual development situation of China.Moreover,it is an urgent issue to investigate how the enterprises can achieve the emission reduction target under the constraints of promoting the economic perfoemance,satisfying the government policies and consumer demand.Hence,this research takes the government carbon policy constraints and consumers’ green preference into consideration,analyzes the optimal emission reduction,production,sales and recycling strategies,builds the cooperation modes of upstream and downstream enterprises in the green supply chain and designs relative coordination mechanisms.Through comparing the advantages and disadvantages of different decision-making modes,this research solves the problem of mode selection based on different scenairos of green supply chain,then achieves the goal of promoting sustainable development of the whole society.This thesis systematically reviews the related theory of green supply chain management,the impact of consumers’ green preference,government carbon policymaking,closed-loop supply chain,and supply chain contract coordination.On this basis,this research discusses the optimization decision-making of enterprise emission reduction contracts under the green supply chain.The specific research framework includes the following aspects:(1)Decision-making of emission-reducing and pricing based on information asymmetric and carbon constraint.The continuous deterioration of the environment forces the government to initiate the low-carbon development.In order to achieve sustainable development,enterprises should not only obey carbon constraints but also consider consumers’ demand.Therefore,based on consumer preference differentiation and information asymmetry,this thesis builds a two-stage game model consists of strategic consumers,emission-constraint enterprise and government,optimizes the enterprise’s decisions on emission reducing and pricing by adverse selection method,then designs the carbon policies which can improve both economic and environmental benefits.At last,we simulate the models with different market structures,finding that:When there are more green consumers in the market,the carbon trading price increases with the growth of green preference,while when less green consumers,the trading price decreases;The carbon reduction degree will be raised with the improvement of reduction technology and the aggravation of information barrier.When marginal reduction cost is high,the government should increase carbon quota,reduce carbon price or implement stricter labeling policy.When the government implements carbon policies for high-pollution enterprise,the carbon quota should be reduced with the aim of higher reduction degree and less product differentiation.Otherwise,the carbon constraint should be relaxed and trading price should be increased with the goal of higher social welfare.In order to stimulate emission reduction,the government should raise the carbon trading price in a low-preference and normal-preference market,and reduce the price in a similar-preference market.On the other hand,in order to optimize the enterprise’s profit,the government should control the trading price higher or lower than a certain value in a low-preference market,increase the carbon price in a similarpreference market and decrease the price in a normal-preference market.(2)Optimization of emission-reducing and channel selection decisions based on carbon constraint.Considering the impact of dual-source supply and components recycling and remanufacturing,this article constructs a green closed-loop supply chain model with two competitive upstream suppliers and one downstream manufacturer,then coordinates supply chain through cost-sharing contract.Then the thesis analyzes the optimal strategies under competition,cooperation and coordination structures separately,and investigates the influences of emission reduction effort and collection efficiency on supply chain performance.Furthermore,the article optimizes the channel selection strategy for manufacturer under different cost structures.The results reveal that: The collection of used products can positively affect the manufacturer’s reduction effort and profit,consumer utility and social welfare,but has the opposite impact on the new component suppliers.In addition,recycling and remanufacturing could damage the overall profit of green supply chain when the cost of recycling is high enough.Although the efficiency of supply chain cooperation is higher than that of competition mode,it is difficult to achieve in practice.Therefore,this research designs a cost-sharing contract to coordinate all the numbers in supply chain,in order to achieve the goal of improving economic and environmental benefits simultaneously.(3)Decision-making of contracting emission-reducing based on carbon constraint and low-carbon preference.The cooperative emission reduction mode of upstream and downstream enterprises in green supply chain has become an important way to improve the efficiency of emission reduction.Therefore,this research designs different cooperative emission reduction modes in green supply chain,taking the enterprise’s carbon emission reduction behavior,consumers’ low-carbon preference and government’s carbon policy constraints into consideration,and investigates the impact of consumers’ environmental awareness and government’s carbon constraints on enterprise’s optimal emission reduction decision-making and profit.The thesis first constructs three reduction models on the basis of reality: independent reduction by manufacturer,contractual reduction by supplier,and collaborative reduction by both.Then it concludes the optimal decisions and compares the models.The results show that: Bboth the profits and emissions reduction will be decreased with the strengthened carbon intensity constraint,but the cost-sharing contract can mitigate this negative effect on the dominant supplier and society.Meanwhile,the acceptable range of costsharing ratio will be smaller with a lower cost coefficient of emissions reduction and a higher consumers’ preference.Furthermore,in order to improve the overall social welfare level,the government should implement the incentive regulations rather than the retrenchment ones.Lastly,a numerical study is conducted,the impact of several key factors on supply chain performance and model selection are presented for management decisions of enterprises and government.(4)Optimization of emission-reducing decisions and coordination under the multi-stage closed-loop supply chain.The research focuses on the multi-stage closedloop supply chain of products sales and compoments recovery,respectively designs the‘sole’ and ‘joint’ revenue-sharing contracts under the the ‘single’ and ‘dual’ recycling channels,and coordinates the green closed-loop supply chain with dominant supplier.Furthermore,aiming at the problems caused by incomplete recycling and inefficient carbon reduction,the thesis finds the optimal ways for the government to implement carbon policies.The research shows: When the profit space of recovery meets certain conditions,the supplier prefers the dual-channel recovery model.With the rapid channel competition,both the upstream dominant enterprises and consumers can gain more profit.When the supplier implements the revenue-sharing contract in both forward and reverse channels under the dual recovery channel,the coordination could be achieved,and the profits of each firm increased.The manufacturing and remanufacturing costs have significant influences on both recycling prices and enterprises’ profits.With the technical innovation,the lower the cost,the higher the profits of firms and consumers.In order to improve the recycling rate,the government can collect environmental taxation from the firms.The optimal amount of tax increases with the decrease of manufacturing cost but increases with the decrease of remanufacturing cost.This thesis studies the optimal pricing,emission reduction,and recycling strategies of enterprises in the green supply chain under the influence of carbon policy constraints and consumers’ green preference.The specific innovation perspectives are summarized as follows:Firstly,in the context of the information asymmetry,considering the mutual impact of various carbon policy combination,green consumer preference differentiation,and government policy decision-making behavior,this thesis introduced the government’s carbon policy decision as a determinant variable and designed a binding two-phase model composed of differential preferences of consumers,carbon reduction companies and carbon policymakers.Based on information asymmetry theory,following the game equilibrium of adverse selection and optimizing the enterprise’s carbon emissions pricing decisions and policy portfolio decision-making further expand the model.Moreover,according to the market’s actual consumer distribution,the study builds three-carbon preference,namely even preferences,moderate preference,low preference,and analyzes the impact of key parameters under different models on equilibrium profits and social welfare and provide the government to design and implement reasonable and practical carbon policies.Secondly,few studies have analyzed the impact of supply-side channel competition on the recycling channel under the multiple influences of channel competition,reverse recycling,and carbon policy constraints.Take the impact of dualsource supply and green closed-loop supply chain into consideration,and this thesis constructs a green closed-loop supply chain model composed of two competing leading upstream suppliers and a non-leading downstream remanufacturer constrained by carbon reduction.Using the Stackelberg game model and the Nash equilibrium method,suppliers’ pricing and recycling decisions,emission reduction,and pricing decisions of remanufacturers are solved.This research analyzes and optimizes each enterprise’s decision-making under the competitive decision-making and cooperative decisionmaking mode,further designs the cost-sharing contract to coordinate and optimize the supply chain,studies the impact of enterprise emission reduction efforts and recycling investment on the supply chain performance,and provide guidance and suggestions for the government to design carbon policy.Thirdly,the vertical cooperation between upstream and downstream enterprises of the green supply chain is the critical factor impacting green development.Considering the government’s carbon policy,consumers’ green preference,and upstream and downstream cooperative emission reduction contracts,this study focuses on the collaborative emission reduction strategies of upstream and downstream enterprises in the green supply chain under both consumers’ green preference and government carbon intensity objectives.This research constructs a two-level supply chain system with upstream core technology enterprises leading and downstream manufacturers implementing emission reduction,respectively discusses the impact of social,environmental awareness,and government carbon policy on enterprise emission reduction strategy and profit.Furthermore,the study designs three collaborative emission reduction strategy models,including manufacturers’ independent emission reduction,leading enterprise contract emission reduction and full cooperation emission reduction,and analyzes the enterprise emission reduction level under different modes from the changes of profit and social welfare,and this thesis summarizes the strategic suggestions for enterprises and the government to implement.Fourthly,it is necessary to study the collaboration and coordination among multilevel supply chains considering the strengthening of cooperation and division of labor in the green supply chain,the energy-saving and emission reduction investment of manufacturing enterprises in the production process,the recycling of reusable materials and key parts in waste products are also the critical factors impacting the performance of green development.Therefore,to take the coordination of a multi-level supply chain and closed-loop recycling problem into consideration,this thesis constructs a threelevel green closed-loop supply chain composed of supplier,manufacturer,and retailer.Each party’s decision-making is analyzed in two modes of single recovery channel and double recovery channel,and the discussed strategy for optimal pricing of each member in the supply chain in the process of sales and recycling under different decisionmaking modes.Further,design two kinds of sharing contract coordination mechanisms,discuss the effectiveness of contract coordination under the two modes of single recycling channel and dual recycling channel,introduced government regulation and supervision to find the conditions to balance the sales and recycling,and select the optimal model.Overall,the decision-making and contract coordination and optimization of green supply chain enterprises not only affect the performance of the supply chain but also affect the emission reduction investment and consumer utility.Making a reasonable strategy combination can not only stimulate enterprises’ carbon emission reduction and recycling but also promote the sustainable development of the green consumption market,achieving the goal of facilitating the operation efficiency of supply chain.Therefore,this research studies the decision-making process of emission reduction and pricing in the green supply chain,optimizes the cooperation among enterprises through coordination contracts,which can improve the emission reduction degree and green consumption level,play a critical role in economic development and environmental protection.The conclusions of this research have guiding implications for decisionmaking of enterprises and government.