Research On Multi-product Pricing And Operation Coordination Of Green Closed-loop Supply Chain

With the increasingly prominent problems of resources and ecology,enterprises are paying more attention to the concept of green closed-loop supply chain management which is coordinated development of economy and environment.The green closed-loop supply chain mainly includes green design,green purchase,green production,green marketing,green packing,green logistics and green consumption which are in the forward logistics link,as well as recycling,reprocessing,recycling or disposal etc.in reverse logistics.The green closed-loop supply chain relates to the green and non-green products;new manufactured and remanufactured products;patented products and remanufactured products;multiperiod new manufactured and remanufactured products etc.Due to the differences of demand,new manufacturing and remanufacturing cost,manufacturers have problems on selection for optimal hybrid production mode,and the corresponding product pricing is different.This paper mainly focuses on green purchase,green production,green consumption,green recycling and remanufacturing process etc.while concentrates on multi product differential pricing and operation coordination problems for a deep research of green closed-loop supply chain.Firstly,in view of the three-level green closed-loop supply chain system in which market demand correlates with product green degree,game theory is applied to study four models,namely cooperative decision-making,three-level leader-follower game,Stackelberg game I and Stackelberg game II.In order to encourage members to participate actively in response to optimal equilibrium strategy of cooperation decision-making,we use revenue sharing mechanism,Shapley value method coordination mechanism and asymmetric Nash negotiation mechanism for coordination,while contrast the different results of the optimal income distribution coefficient to obtain the income of each member is increased substantially as is compared with that under the non-cooperative game.Then the global optimization and perfect coordination of the supply chain system can be realized.In addition,considering that consumers buy green and non-green products for different utility and the hybrid production mode of non-cooperative game and cooperative game are studied,analyzed the influence of different production costs to select the manufacturer of the production mode,determine the critical conditions for the choice of production mode,and optimize the product pricing model through the Rubinstein bargaining under different production mode,which is based on the result of equilibrium of cooperative games.Thus,the members of the supply chain using cooperation pricing strategy improved 33.3%profits than that in non-cooperative game.Next,pricing and coordination strategy of closed-loop supply chain are studied on basis of the flexible market demand which is influenced by price difference between new manufactured and remanufactured products as well as the two recovery channels for waste products.The results reveal a loss of system efficiency caused by Stackelberg game pricing along with more recovered waste products,while lowest product price and maximum profits deriving from the use of joint decision-making pricing.Therefore,on basis of equilibrium result under joint decision-making,through conception of a coordinated pricing mechanism that incorporates revenue-and-expense-sharing contract and two-part tariff system,identifying a reasonable range of the sharing coefficient and agency fees for qualifications will help manufacturers and retailers to make joint decision pricing in the combination coordination mechanism.In this way,we can not only better avoid the conflict and competition between recycling channels,but also significantly improved the overall performance of the system.In addition,through the analysis of demand elasticity coefficient of two kinds of products found that remanufactured products have weak"bank run" on new manufactures in market demand while new manufactured and remanufactured products have strong "bank run",which can generally reflect the limitation of the remanufacturing product market.Then,aimed to the recycling and remanufacturing supply chain system composed of manufacturer,retailer and third party reclaiming agents,considering that the influence of consumer preferences of new manufactured and remanufactured products substitution demand competition,this paper analzes the manufacturing models separately of new manufactures,remanufacturing and mix-manufacturing under non-cooperating situation,and concludes the balance result of different manufacturing models.Customers have different preference factors to remanufactured products is founded,which can directly influence the choice of manufacturer's production model,and the specific influence interval of preference coefficient is given while the optimal strategy of upstream enterprises cooperation is the only production of new manufactures under the three party.Then extend to multiperiod model,based on the degree of manufacturers and retailers' concern about income fairness of supply chain channel(without concern about fairness,consideration of retailers' concern about fairness,and consideration of manufacturers and retailers' concern about fairness).We probe into the relation between remanufacturing cost saving and the selection of different modes of production,and present the thresholds of remanufacturing cost saving for the three models,as well as the equilibrium pricing and optimum output of multi-period new products and remanufactured items in different production modes.Finally,from the product of the horizontal and vertical differentiations,we study that closed-loop supply chain decision-making optimization problem under duopoly manufacturer competition,and the result reveals an effective elimination of the influence of Bertrand's paradox by product differentiation strategy;while coordinated pricing by revenue-and-expense sharing contract can effectively reduce the loss of system benefit which caused by double marginalization,and make the channel performance reach the optimal level of integration.Besides,on basis of competition of product differentiation and mode of patent licensing,we establish a closed-loop supply chain of the patented products remanufacturing,which includes an original manufacturer,a third-party remanufacturer and a retailer;and we study pricing and patent licensing fees of new manufactured products,recycling products and remanufactured patent products.The results reveal that within the scope of individual rationality constraint,the revenue-and-expense sharing coefficient interval of the three can be given.If the manufacturer is willing to pay a certain patent licensing fee,according to the combination pricing mechanism 'of the two charging system,the Multi-win situation of the original manufacturer,the remanufacturer and the retailer can be realized.