| Five-star hotels are the highest star form in the star hotel industry in China.Its development level represents the highest level of the hotel industry in China.At present,China’s five-star hotels are facing some practical problems,such as the impact of transformation,the withdrawal of some foreign hotel brands,the oversupply of the total number,the uneven distribution across the country,and the differences in operating revenue among different provinces.Identifying the influencing factors and events of the development of five-star hotels and realizing the long-term,healthy and benign development of five-star hotels in China are urgent issues to be studied.Therefore,this paper puts forward the core research question:What are the development laws and influencing factors of five-star hotels in China?Under the guidance of this core issue,the following detailed research questions can be listed: China’s five-star hotel development is divided into several stages,what development characteristics are presented? What provincial and regional differences are there in the number and performance of five-star hotels in China? What economic,consumptive,social variables and event factors influence the development of five-star hotels in China?In order to study and answer the above questions about the development of five-star hotels in China,the structure and content of this paper are divided into seven chapters,which constitute three parts.Among them,the first part corresponds to the first and third chapters,which are the research background,literature review,theoretical basis,the research design and research methods.The second part corresponds to the fourth to sixth chapters,which is the main research part of this article.The research on the spatial-temporal development laws of the number and the operating performance of five-star hotels in our country are two parallel research contents.They are concerned about the impact of economic,consumption and social variables.The impact of mega events on the number and operating performance of five-star hotels in the host area is a progressive research content.The third part corresponds to the seventh chapter,which is the research conclusion,development proposals and research prospects.The first part includes the introduction,which introduces the research background,research issues and research innovations.Literature review follows.The basic theories related to this paper include industrial distribution theory,regional advantage theory,event system theory.On this basis,the theoretical framework and research methods are further sorted out,the research model is proposed,and the data sources are introduced.The second part is the main content of this paper.In Chapter IV,the research on the temporal and spacial development law of five-star hotels is carried out from two aspects of quantity development and business performance.Firstly,the development laws of the number of five-star hotels in China is studied in time and space dimensions.Then the influencial factors and development characteristics of the number of five-star hotels in various provinces are studied by static panel methods in econometrics.Finally,the spatial econometric method is used to study the influencial factors and development characteristics of the number of five-star hotels.The conclusions are as follows: Firstly,the development of five-star hotels in China can be divided into four stages: initial stage(1990-1999),high-speed stage(2000-2006),super-high-speed stage(2007-2013)and stable stage(2014 until now).Secondly,the geographic concentration index(G)of five-star hotels in China is declining year by year,which shows that the phenomenon of high concentration of five-star hotels in China is gradually alleviating.The location entropy of five-star hotels in different provinces reflects the fact that there are more five-star hotels in eastern provinces and fewer in western provinces.Thirdly,in terms of the number of five-star hotels,the eastern part is more dependent on the area of urban built-up areas and the number of foreign investment enterprises,and the central part is more dependent on inbound tourism,the area of urban built-up areas and the development of real estate industry,while inbound tourism,the area of urban built-up areas and the number of foreign investment enterprises are relatively important in the western part.Fourthly,the overall growth of Moran index of five-star hotels in China shows that the number of five-star hotels in each province is significantly positively correlated geographically,and the positive correlation is increasing year by year.From the local Moran index,some provinces in the East are located in the five-star hotel aggregation zone,which belongs to the high-value and high-value adjacent areas.The low-value and low-value adjacent provinces mainly include the vast majority of western provinces and a small number of northeast and central provinces.Fifthly,in the spatial error random effect model and spatial autocorrelation model,the disturbing term has positive spatial lag and spatial dependence.In Chapter V,the temporal and spatial development of five-star hotel performance in China is studied.Firstly,by studying the average room number,room type,average OCC,output-input ratio,Rev PAR and total profit of five-star hotels in China,this paper summarizes the development law of five-star hotels’ operating performance in the time dimension.Then through the analysis of the average OCC-average ADR,the number of five-star hotels-average revenue of five-star hotels in various provinces,the development law of five-star hotel performance in spatial dimension is summarized.Finally,taking the supply of five-star hotels as a moderating variable,this paper studies the impact of average OCC and average ADR on average hotel performance.The conclusions are as follows: First,in terms of time development laws,the average number of rooms in five-star hotels is gradually decreasing,and the average number of beds in the rooms is decreasing;the average OCC is slowly declining;on the whole,Rev PAR is decreasing year by year,showing a downward trend;the total profit is very unstable.Secondly,in terms of spatial development law,OCC of five-star hotels in all provinces decreases year by year as a whole;ADR and Rev PAR in Beijing and Shanghai are the highest in China.Thirdly,the comparative analysis of five-star hotels between Beijing and Shanghai shows that ADR,OCC and Rev PAR of five-star hotels in Shanghai are higher than those in Beijing.Fourthly,the supply of five-star hotels have a positive moderating effect on the relationship between OCC and hotel performance,and the supply of five-star hotels have a positive moderating effect on the relationship between ADR and hotel performance.In provinces with different number of five-star hotels,hotel performance has different elasticity to OCC and ADR.The impact of mega events on the number and performance of five-star hotels in the host city are studied in Chapter Ⅵ.The specific effects of the Olympic Games and the World Expo on the development of five-star hotels are studied with the method of the double difference estimation,which is widely used in policy effect analysis.The conclusions are as follows: Firstly,the number of five-star hotels,the number of rooms,the number of beds,OCC,business revenue all increased because of Olimpic Games.Secondly,the Expo plays an obvious role in promoting the number and revenue of five-star hotels in Shanghai.There is no obvious regularity for the average OCC of five-star hotels,which is also not significantly affected by the World Expo.Thirdly,there is a significant after-Expo-effect on the number and revenue of five-star hotels in Shanghai,Jiangsu,Zhejiang and Anhui.In the Yangtze River Delta region,Shanghai is most affected by the World Expo,then Jiangsu and Zhejiang follow,Anhui is least affected and only affected by the after-Expo-period.The third part contains the conclusions of the study and the prospect for the future research direction and content.According to the research conclusion,the five-star hotel development suggestions are as follows: Firstly,in provinces with small number of five-star hotels,the development of five-star hotels should be considered and promoted together with local economic construction,business activities development and tourism development.Five-star hotels should be developed as supporting facilities for economic development and as part of city image.Secondly,for the provinces with a particularly high number of five-star hotels,such as Beijing,Guangdong,Jiangsu,Zhejiang and Shanghai,the number development has become saturated.More attention should be paid to the quality of the development of five-star hotels,to the balance between the average OCC and the number of five-star hotels,and to the distribution balance of five-star hotels among the Provincial cities.Thirdly,long-term planning for the development of five-star hotels should be made well in advance before mega events,so as to avoid the situation of excessive construction before the exhibition and oversupply after the exhibition,making full use of the resources in the neighboring areas and taking advantage of the opportunities of mega events.It leads to the long-term and sound development of five-star hotels in the host and surrounding areas.The theoretical significance of this paper lies in not only revealing the spatial and temporal distribution of five-star hotels in China,enriching the influencing factors of the development of five-star hotels,developing the spatial measurement research of five-star hotels,discovering that there is a geospatial correlation on the growth of five-star hotels in China’s provinces.It also extends the theoretical research on the promotion of the development of five-star hotels in host and surrounding areas by mega events,and develops the application of industrial economics,econometrics,spatial measurement,geography and management theory in hotel industry research.The practical significance lies in putting forward different policy suggestions for the five-star hotel gathering areas and the lack of areas,especially for the backward areas of the five-star hotel development,giving different suggestions for different provinces to improve their operating performance,providing practical summary for the impact of the Olympic Games and the World Expo on the five-star hotel industry,and suggestions on how to greet mega events.The research conclusions have positive practical significance for the development of five-star hotel industry,and also have reference value in the investment and construction decision-making of five-star hotel.There are four innovation points in this paper:1.The development stages of five-star hotels in China are divided.The geographical distribution laws of five-star hotels are summarized.According to the annual growth rate of five-star hotels in China,the development of five-star hotels in China can be divided into four stages: initial stage,high-speed stage,super-high-speed stage and stable stage.2.Panel regression is used to analyze the influence factors of five-star hotels,and spatial econometric model is used to study the inter-provincial distribution characteristics and correlation of five-star hotels.Introducing the spatial weight matrix reflecting the inter-provincial proximity relationship into the study,using the spatial econometric model,it is pointed out that the development of five-star hotels is affected by unobservable geographical relationships.The application of spatial econometric methods in hotel industry research are developed.3.It is found that the supply degree of five-star hotels has a positive moderating effect on the relationship between OCC and average performance,and the supply degree of five-star hotels has a positive moderating effect on the relationship between ADR and average performance.Through the analysis of the moderating effect,it is found that the development degree of five-star hotels in each province plays an obvious role as a moderating variable.The sensitivity of average performance of five-star hotels is different in different provinces.4.The specific impact of the Olympic Games on the development of five-star hotels in Beijing and the specific impact of the World Expo on the development of five-star hotels in the Yangtze River Delta region are obtained by using DID estimation method.It provides reference and suggestions for five-star hotels to meet the 2022 Winter Olympic Games,the 2022 Asian Games in Hangzhou,the annual China International Import Expo and other major events. |
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