| By the end of the 21 st century,as a new generation of information technology centered around chips and components,computing power,and communication technology enters a critical breakthrough stage,the global development process of a new technological revolution and industrial transformation continues to advance.The digitization,networking,and intelligent development of the industrial economy have become important drivers for promoting high-quality economic development and meeting diverse human needs.In recent years,China has actively promoted the development of science and technology,comprehensively advancing the strategy of building a manufacturing power,with a focus on intelligent manufacturing,attempting to leverage industrial intelligence to drive technological changes and industrial upgrades.The strategic plan "Made in China 2025" was proposed in May 2015,and the "New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan" was released in July 2017.The 19 th National Congress of the Communist Party of China emphasized the need to "build a modern industrial system,place the focus of economic development on the real economy,promote new industrialization,and accelerate the construction of a manufacturing power,a quality power,an aerospace power,a transportation power,a network power,and a digital China." It is worth noting that China’s population is experiencing new characteristics and trends in terms of quantity,structure,quality,migration,and other aspects,which have profound implications for overall economic and social development.China’s demand for talent in the field of artificial intelligence is continuously increasing.Therefore,the widespread application of artificial intelligence and the deployment of new intelligent devices have driven the development process of industrial intelligence and also exerted broad and profound effects on labor employment to a certain extent.In this context,this study is based on panel data from 30 provinces in China from2005 to 2019 to systematically investigate the impact of industrial intelligence levels on different gender workers,different skill workers,and different gender and skill workers.By using factor analysis to construct an industrial intelligence index system and measure the level of industrial intelligence,the study employs panel fixed-effects models and threshold regression models to explore the linear and nonlinear effects of industrial intelligence on employment.Furthermore,it examines the influence of industrial intelligence on labor employment under different economic environmental constraints and analyzes the spatial effects of industrial intelligence on employment using spatial models.Additionally,the study investigates the heterogeneity characteristics of the impact of industrial intelligence on employment based on different skill levels,regions,and industries of workers.The main conclusions of this study are as follows:First,the analysis of the basic concepts of industrial intelligence,employment structure,and employment effects provides a theoretical foundation for in-depth research on the employment effects of industrial intelligence.The study also outlines the linear impact mechanisms of industrial intelligence on employment for different gender workers,different industry workers,and different skill workers,as well as the nonlinear impact mechanisms of industrial intelligence on employment under multiple constraints,and the spatial effect mechanisms of industrial intelligence on employment.Moreover,based on the historical impact of previous industrial revolutions on employment,a systematic industrial intelligence index system is constructed,and the development status and spatial characteristics of industrial intelligence levels in 30 provinces are evaluated.The study also analyzes the development status and spatial characteristics of workers with different skill levels in China.Second,based on panel data from 2005 to 2019 of 30 provinces in China,the study empirically analyzes the impact of industrial intelligence levels on different gender workers,different skill workers,and different gender and skill workers.The research findings are as follows: Firstly,the improvement of industrial intelligence level has a positive effect on male workers’ employment,increasing their employment demand.However,it has no significant impact on total employment and female employment.Secondly,the impact of industrial intelligence level on employment shows a skill bias.Specifically,the increase in industrial intelligence level leads to an increase in employment for high-skill workers and medium-skill workers but decreases employment for low-skill workers.Lastly,the coefficients of industrial intelligence level on employment show significant differences among different gender and skilled workers.For instance,the positive effect of industrial intelligence level on employment is higher for high-skill male workers compared to high-skill female workers.It is also higher for medium-skill male workers compared to medium-skill female workers,while the substitution effect of industrial intelligence on employment is lower for low-skill male workers compared to female workers.Third,based on panel fixed-effects models,the study empirically analyzes the nonlinear impact of industrial intelligence on employment using data from 2005 to 2019 for 30 provinces in China.The research findings are as follows: There is a single threshold for the impact of industrial intelligence level on total employment and dual thresholds for male employment and female employment.When examining employment by gender and skill level,the increase in industrial intelligence level exhibits a positive dual threshold effect on total employment,male employment,and female employment for high-skill workers,characterized by increasing marginal efficiency.The increase in industrial intelligence level shows a positive threshold effect on total employment,male employment,and female employment for medium-skill workers,characterized by increasing marginal efficiency.However,there is a negative threshold effect of industrial intelligence level on total employment,male employment,and female employment for low-skill workers.Additionally,when considering industry structure,economic development level,and urbanization as threshold variables,the impact of industrial intelligence on labor employment structure exhibits different threshold effects.Fourthly,based on the data from 30 provinces in China from 2005 to 2019,the spatial Durbin model was employed to empirically analyze the spatial effects of industrial intelligence on employment.The study found that,in terms of direct effects,the level of industrial intelligence has a skill bias in its impact on local labor employment.Specifically,the impact of local industrial intelligence level on the employment of various high-skilled male workers is positive,while it is negative for various low-skilled workers.In terms of indirect effects,the improvement in industrial intelligence levels in neighboring provinces and cities has a positive impact on the employment of various high-skilled and medium-skilled workers locally,but it has a negative impact on the employment of various low-skilled workers.The results of both direct and indirect effects indicate that female workers are more negatively affected in employment.Specifically,the creation effect of industrial intelligence level on employment quantity is higher for high-skilled male workers than high-skilled female workers,higher for medium-skilled male workers than medium-skilled female workers,and the substitution effect for low-skilled male workers is weaker than low-skilled female workers.Fifthly,the spatial effects of industrial intelligence on employment exhibit regional heterogeneity.In terms of regional heterogeneity,the development of industrial intelligence in the eastern region has a significant creation effect on employment for various high-skilled and medium-skilled workers,but it has no significant impact on the employment of various low-skilled workers.Overall,it increases total employment and employment for different genders.In the central region,the development of industrial intelligence significantly increases employment for medium-skilled male workers but has no significant impact on other employment categories.In the Western region,the impact of industrial intelligence development on employment shows a significant skill bias.It increases employment for various high-skilled and mediumskilled workers but reduces employment for various low-skilled workers,resulting in a decrease in total employment and employment for different genders.From the perspective of industry heterogeneity,the indirect effects of industrial intelligence development on employment are manifested by the positive development of industrial intelligence in neighboring provinces,which further drives the improvement of local industrial intelligence levels through the active development of intelligence in related enterprises in the industry chain.This,in turn,promotes the intelligence and automation development of the primary industry,reducing the demand for employment in the primary industry.Meanwhile,the development of industrial intelligence in neighboring provinces also enhances the production efficiency of the secondary industry and the service efficiency of the tertiary industry,reducing production and service costs,increasing consumer demand for products and services in the secondary and tertiary industries,and thus increasing the demand for labor in these sectors.Entering the 21 st century,with the widespread application of technologies such as artificial intelligence,big data,and cloud computing in social and production activities,the industrial transformation has exhibited a series of new features such as digitization and intelligence.Artificial intelligence technology,as a skill-biased technology,is being widely applied in various fields such as agriculture,industry,transportation,healthcare,and education.It has had a profound impact on the transformation of production methods and the development of productivity,thereby promoting the optimization and upgrading of industrial structures.This paper analyzes the current development status of industrial intelligence level and employment in 30 provinces in China and analyzes the employment effects of industrial intelligence from multiple perspectives.Based on this,corresponding policy suggestions are proposed:(1)provide strong policy support and actively promote industrial intelligence;(2)strengthen the construction of intelligent talent teams and enhance the support of high-quality human resources;(3)improve employment policies and social security systems,and enhance reemployment training systems;(4)optimize industrial structure and promote the development of industrial intelligence;(5)focus on the occupational needs of women and enhance the competitiveness of female employment;(6)Coordinate the promotion of regional industrial intelligence levels and emphasize balanced development between regions. |
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