| The course of human development is also the course of pursuing happiness.The report of the 19 th CPC National Congress pointed out that "Socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era,and the main social contradiction in China has been transformed into the contradiction between the people’s growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and insufficient development." People’s definition of happiness is no longer limited to solving the problem of food and clothing,but includes more diverse and advanced contents such as meeting spiritual needs and realizing the all-round physical and mental development of individuals.Since the reform and opening up,China’s economy and society have developed rapidly,and a large number of migrant workers have flowed into cities,making great contributions to the national modernization.According to the relevant data of the National Bureau of statistics,the total number of migrant workers in China will be 285.6 million in 2020.Among them,169.59 million migrant workers went out and 116.01 million local migrant workers.General Secretary Xi Jinping repeatedly stressed the need to continuously enhance people’s sense of achievement,happiness and security.As a vulnerable group in cities,migrant workers’ subjective well-being is closely related to China’s people’s livelihood.Solving the problems of housing,employment and "time shortage" faced by this huge group of migrant workers in the process of urbanization can improve the subjective well-being of migrant workers and promote the realization of the second Centennial goal in ChinaFor a long time,academia has carried out extensive multi-disciplinary and multilevel research on the measurement,influencing factors and internal mechanism of wellbeing,and has formed a full understanding of its connotation and extension,but there is no consensus on the measurement method of subjective well-being and the influence of some factors.Most studies in the fields of economics and sociology use a single dimension self-report scale to measure people’s subjective well-being,but the measurement results are difficult to ensure the accuracy.This study attempts to use the2017 China comprehensive social survey data(CGSS),starting from the basic connotation of subjective well-being,and considering the availability of data,based on the scale of subjective well-being of Chinese urban residents compiled by Xing Zhanjun(2005),set up 3 dimensions and 10 indicators,and adopt the method of equal weight assignment to measure the subjective well-being of migrant workers.Further more,starting from the time constraints,this study first divides the activities of migrant workers into two parts: work and leisure,and introduces the concept of employment quality considering the missing variables;Secondly,based on the above division results,the life time of migrant workers is divided into three parts: working time,housework time and leisure time by using the time trisection method in the time allocation model,and the activity time types of the above dimensions are further divided.By constructing a model,this thesis discusses the impact of various activity time on migrant workers’ subjective well-being and the related internal mechanism,and provides corresponding policy suggestions according to the theoretical and empirical results.The main contents of this study include the following parts:The introduction introduces the research background and significance,puts forward questions,defines the research objectives,contents and ideas,explains the methods and data used in this research,and points out the possible innovations and deficiencies of this research.The first chapter defines the core concepts of migrant workers,subjective wellbeing and employment quality,and introduces the basic theories such as cardinal utility theory,ordinal utility theory,labor supply theory and time allocation model.From the perspective of different levels and different research objects,this thesis combs the research progress related to subjective well-being.The second chapter first divides the factors that may affect migrant workers’ subjective well-being into employment factors and leisure factors.In terms of employment factors,the concept of employment quality is introduced to alleviate the endogenous problems caused by missing variables,and provide conditions for exploring the relationship between migrant workers’ work income,working time and subjective well-being;Leisure factors are subdivided into housework time and leisure time.Using labor supply theory,time allocation model of time trisection method and other basic theories,this thesis expounds the influence and mechanism of the above factors on migrant workers’ subjective well-being.The third chapter measures the subjective well-being of migrant workers,and describes the measurement results.Firstly,it constructs the framework of migrant workers’ subjective well-being measurement system to measure migrant workers’ subjective well-being.Then,according to the individual characteristics and regional characteristics of migrant workers,this thesis describes the measurement results of each index and the distribution law of migrant workers’ samples under the same subjective well-being level,compares and summarizes the differences of migrant workers’ subjective well-being between different individual characteristics and regional characteristics.Based on the division results of the influencing factors of migrant workers’ subjective well-being by the time allocation model,the fourth chapter selects the appropriate explanatory variables and explanatory variables to build an econometric model to discuss the impact of employment factors and Leisure Factors on migrant workers’ subjective well-being.In terms of employment factors,this study measures the employment quality of migrant workers from five dimensions: job return,job intensity,job autonomy,job security and job type.As the core explanatory variable of the econometric model,this study investigates the main effect and heterogeneity of the effect of employment quality on migrant workers’ subjective well-being.In terms of leisure factors,this study takes housework time and leisure time as the core explanatory variable dimension of the measurement model,and further refines leisure time into social / visiting time,learning time and rest and relaxation time.Considering the availability of data,this study takes the frequency of migrant workers engaged in leisure activities as the proxy variable of leisure time.While examining the main effect and heterogeneity of household time and leisure time on migrant workers’ subjective wellbeing,this thesis tests the possible regulatory effect and intermediary effect.It is found that improving the working income and job stability of migrant workers,reasonably reducing working hours and providing basic insurance can significantly and effectively improve the subjective well-being of migrant workers;At present,there is no "happiness paradox" among migrant workers,and the "income inflection point" hypothesis explains the reason why there is no "happiness paradox" among migrant workers to a certain extent;There is a nonlinear relationship between working time and most leisure time and subjective well-being.The fifth chapter constructs an econometric model to investigate the mechanism of working time,housework time and leisure time on subjective well-being.The regression results of the econometric model show that: working income regulates the impact of migrant workers’ working hours on subjective well-being,while the amount of migrant workers’ relative resources regulates the impact of housework time on subjective well-being;For migrant workers,work income can not mediate the relationship between leisure time and subjective well-being,which shows that the leisure time of migrant workers does not improve subjective well-being by improving work efficiency.The sixth chapter is the conclusion and policy recommendations.The conclusions of this study are as follows:First,the subjective well-being measurement results show that: in terms of individual characteristics,male,married and the new generation of migrant workers have a higher level of subjective well-being;In terms of regional characteristics,the subjective well-being level of migrant workers is "high in the East and low in the west".Second,there is no "happiness paradox" among migrant workers in China,and the "income inflection point" hypothesis explains the above phenomenon to a certain extent.Third,the multiple dimensions of migrant workers’ employment quality and activity time are closely related to subjective well-being;Most activity time of migrant workers has a U-shaped or inverted U-shaped relationship with subjective well-being,and has gender,marital status and intergenerational heterogeneity.Fourth,the working income of migrant workers regulates the relationship between working hours and subjective well-being.The working income of migrant workers not only interferes with the opening size of the "inverted U" curve between working hours and subjective well-being,but also interferes with the position of the symmetry axis of the curve in the image;The amount of relative resources regulates the relationship between migrant workers’ part of housework time and subjective well-being,and shows that housework activities have the characteristics of supply price elasticity.The above two regulatory effects have gender,marital status and intergenerational heterogeneity.The reason why leisure time can improve migrant workers’ subjective well-being is not that leisure improves the production efficiency of migrant workers and increases their work income,but improves the level of health experience and development experience in migrant workers’ subjective well-being.This study focuses on the measurement and influencing factors of migrant workers’ subjective well-being.The possible innovations are as follows:First,the index system.At present,most of the research on the influencing factors of migrant workers’ subjective well-being takes the questions of the world value survey(WVS)as a reference.The single dimension self-report scale to measure migrant workers’ subjective well-being has the advantage of convenient operation,but the statistical results are easy to be disturbed by the respondents’ emotions at that time.In the research on the measurement of subjective well-being at home and abroad,the scales formulated by foreign scholars usually have western cultural and ideological background,which can not better fit the living background of Chinese migrant workers.Based on the basic connotation of subjective well-being and referring to Xing Zhanjun’s Chinese urban residents’ subjective well-being scale,this study measures migrant workers’ subjective well-being from three dimensions and 10 indicators: health experience dimension,satisfaction experience dimension and development experience dimension,and then obtains the measurement results of migrant workers’ subjective well-being.Compared with the previous measurement methods of migrant workers’ subjective well-being,the measurement index system constructed in this study improves the measurement accuracy of migrant workers’ subjective well-being to a certain extent,and ensures the convenience and feasibility of data collection.Second,the research perspective.Subjective well-being is widely studied by psychology,sociology and economics.At present,the objects of happiness research are mainly the elderly,primary and secondary school students,enterprise employees,residents of the whole province and even the whole country.Compared with other groups,although the research on subjective well-being of migrant workers has gradually sprung up in recent years,the number of research results is still insufficient.Migrant workers are a large and generally disadvantaged group in society.Measuring their subjective well-being and exploring relevant influencing factors will help to further develop the achievements of China’s well-off construction.Domestic studies usually focus on the direct impact of employment and income on migrant workers’ subjective well-being,and there is insufficient research on the impact and mechanism of time,a scarce resource,on migrant workers’ subjective wellbeing.Based on the previous achievements,this study uses economic theories such as labor supply theory and time allocation model to explain the factors and mechanism affecting migrant workers’ subjective well-being,and constructs an econometric model to verify the above analysis.In addition,this study first divides migrant workers’ activities into employment and leisure,and introduces the concept of employment quality into the employment part,so as to provide a basis for in-depth discussion on the relationship between work income,working time and subjective well-being.Third,the research results are innovative.Previous studies generally believe that people’s work or leisure time has a wired relationship with subjective well-being.Considering the instability of migrant workers’ employment,this study points out that there is a nonlinear relationship between migrant workers’ working time,part of housework time and leisure time and subjective well-being.The empirical results prove the above argument,which can be regarded as an appropriate correction to the existing research.There are still some deficiencies in this study:First,the measurement index system of migrant workers’ subjective well-being still needs to be improved.Although this study constructs a multi-dimensional index measurement system of migrant workers’ subjective well-being,there is still a certain distance to realize the high fit between the measurement index system and the life content of migrant workers;The equal index weight assignment method weakens the difference of the contribution of each index to subjective well-being.Therefore,the scientificity of the measurement index system of migrant workers’ subjective wellbeing constructed in this study needs to be further demonstrated.Second,the data used in the study limits the further expansion of the research content.Based on the subjective well-being scale of Chinese urban residents compiled by Xing Zhanjun and the data of 2017 Chinese General Social Survey(CGSS)implemented by the survey and data center of Renmin University of China,this study attempts to construct the measurement index of migrant workers’ subjective well-being.However,due to the large number of measurement problems of the reference scale and the lack of survey data,the study finally constructs the measurement system of migrant workers’ subjective well-being with 10 measurement indicators,which may cause errors in the measurement results.In addition,due to the lack of data and the screening of migrant workers,the number of samples is far lower than that of the original data,and the reliability of the research conclusion is limited to a certain extent. |
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