| The report on 20 th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out that we should expand the orderly participation of the people in political affairs and ensure that the people carry out democratic elections,democratic consultation,democratic decision-making,democratic management and democratic supervision in accordance with the law.It also stressed that we should build a community of social governance in which responsibility of all,by all,for all.Building a social governance system in which the state is present and citizens participate is an important embodiment of people’s democracy in the whole process of development.It should be noted that the grassroots are the main field connecting the country and society,and the main site of citizen participation occurs at the grassroots level.Therefore,citizen participation in grassroots social governance not only conforms to the grassroots mass autonomy system,but also is an important guarantee for promoting the modernization of Chinese-style grassroots social governance.Under the existing political system,the realistic question that needs to be paid attention to is: What is the main influencing factor of citizens’ participation in grassroots social governance? What is the intrinsic mechanism? How do you create coupling effects? What is the effect of practice? What is the way forward? Based on this,this paper uses qualitative and quantitative methods to systematically analyze the influencing factors,action mechanism and effect evaluation of citizen participation in grassroots social governance,and puts forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions.This paper summarizes and reviews the research status at home and abroad from the dimensions of citizen participation,grassroots social governance and citizen participation in grassroots social governance.On this basis,combined with the classical collaborative governance theory,participatory governance theory and citizen participation ladder theory in Chinese and Western management,sociology and political science,this paper summarizes the dynamic evolution of citizen participation in grassroots social governance from the holistic perspective and the “time-narrative”structure system,and the historical logic,theoretical logic and practical logic behind it.As well as the basic achievements and practical problems of citizen participation in grassroots social governance and other characteristic facts.It is found that Chinese citizen participation in grassroots social governance presents Chinese characteristics under the influence of basic national conditions such as historical stage,traditional culture,political system and economic system.On the basis of theoretical analysis,firstly,based on the “macro perspective”,this paper empirically tests the influence of institutional guarantee on institutional participation,consultative participation and feedback participation of citizens in grassroots social governance by using the micro-mixed cross-section data of the Comprehensive Survey of Chinese Social Conditions(CSS2017-CSS2019),and demonstrates the possible mediating effect of individual norms.The possible moderating effect of behavioral control and outcome consciousness is analyzed,and the internal mechanism of institutional guarantee effectiveness of citizen participation in grassroots social governance is analyzed,and the robustness test and heterogeneity analysis are carried out.It is found that from a macro perspective,there are differences in the effectiveness of institutional guarantee for citizen participation in grassroots social governance.Although institutional guarantee encourages citizen participation in grassroots social governance on the whole,institutional guarantee has differentiated effects on promoting or inhibiting different forms of citizen participation.The main performance is that the system guarantee has a significant positive effect on citizen institutional participation and citizen consultative participation in grassroots social governance,and a significant negative effect on citizen feedback participation.Further research shows that individual norms are the main mechanism of institutional guarantee affecting citizen participation in grassroots social governance,and this mechanism has the largest mediating effect in“institutional guarantee-citizen feedback participation in grassroots social governance”.In addition,perceived behavioral control weakens the negative influence of institutional guarantee on citizen feedback participation in grassroots social governance,and citizen awareness of results negatively moderates the positive influence of institutional guarantee on citizen institutional participation in grassroots social governance.Secondly,based on the “micro perspective”,this paper empirically tested the impact of sustainable livelihood capital on institutional participation,non-institutional participation and adjunctive participation of citizens in grassroots social governance by using the micro mixed cross-section data of the Comprehensive Survey of Chinese Social Conditions(CSS2015-CSS2017)and macro data of China Statistical Yearbook and China Social Statistical Yearbook.Following the analytical chain of “objective competence-subjective willingness-participation behavior”,this paper demonstrates the functional mechanism of political interest and political trust in the influence of sustainable livelihood capital on citizen participation in grassroots social governance.It is found that sustainable livelihood capital from the micro perspective has “enabling utility” on citizen participation in grassroots social governance,but such “enabling utility” may be positive or negative utility.Citizens with more human capital,natural capital or social capital are more likely to take institutional participation,while financial capital has a negative effect on institutional participation.Human capital,material capital,financial capital and social capital have significant positive influence on the non-institutional participation of citizens.The influence of human capital on citizen adversarial participation is significantly positive,while the influence of social capital on citizen adversarial participation is significantly negative.Further research shows that political interest and political trust are important influencing mechanisms of “human capital-citizen institutional participation”,“human capital-citizen non-institutional participation”,“financial capital-citizen institutional participation”,“financial capital-citizen institutional participation”,“social capital-citizen institutional participation”,“social capital-citizen non-institutional participation”;Political trust is the main influencing mechanism in “natural capital-citizen institutional participation” and “natural capital-citizen non-institutional participation”.Thirdly,based on the “configuration perspective”,this paper constructs 35 innovative practice samples of grassroots social governance,and excavates six major factors,namely project professionalism,project acceptability,participation institutionalization,internal environment openness,citizen participation consciousness and citizen participation ability,from the three dimensions of project factor,government factor and citizen factor.The multi-factor “coupling effect’ and“interactive relationship” of citizen stepped participation in grassroots social governance are analyzed.Among them,institutional guarantee and capital endowment are the key factors that affect citizen participation in grassroots social governance behavior.How do these two key factors combine with other factors to produce the prompt effect? Are and to what extent are multiple factors necessary for high citizen participation in grassroots social governance? How to improve citizen participation in grassroots social governance by coupling various elements? Based on this,based on the citizen participation ladder theory,this paper uses fs QCA method to empirically test the influencing factors of citizen stepped participation in grassroots social governance.It is found that project factors(project professionalism,project acceptability),government factors(participation institutionalization,internal environment openness),and citizen factors(citizen willingness to participate,citizen ability to participate)have a “coupling effect” on citizen stepped participation in grassroots social governance.Among them,a single element does not constitute the necessary conditions for high citizen participation in grassroots social governance;There are five configuration paths to realize high citizen participation in grassroots social governance,which are citizen competency-driven under government leadership,project driven under citizen leadership,government-driven with project acceptability under citizen leadership,government-driven under project leadership,and system and will driven under project leadership.Finally,based on the “evaluation perspective”,this paper evaluates the performance of citizen participation in grassroots social governance by using the micro-mixed cross-section data of the Comprehensive Survey of Chinese Social Conditions(CSS2015-CSS2017).Civic participation has strong social attributes,and this study draws on a concept of social happiness that is more oriented to the public domain or society.To evaluate the practical effect of citizen participation in grassroots social governance.The results show that,on the whole,citizen participation in grassroots social governance behavior is conducive to improving their social happiness;Specifically,citizen participation in grassroots social governance has strong effects on social integration,social identification,social contribution,social realization and social harmony,but the citizen perception of social harmony is negative,which may come from the rational cognition of “social risk” in the “risk society”.In addition,the behavior of participating in grassroots social governance can significantly improve the sense of social identity and social realization of middle-aged and elderly people,as well as the sense of social identity and social realization of citizens who have not attended college.Compared with the existing researches,the innovative attempt of this paper is mainly reflected in the research perspective and research content:(1)Considering the systematicness of the research,the particularity of grassroots social governance and the diversity of citizen participation methods,the research perspective is innovative to some extent.Firstly,based on the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods,this study systematically describes the closed-loop systems of “institutional guarantee-participation behavior”,“capital enabling-participation behavior”,“multi-factor coupling-participation behavior” and “participation behavior-effect evaluation” in grassroots social governance from the general perspective,contingency perspective and configuration perspective.Secondly,based on the actual situation in China,this study explains the types of citizen participation in grassroots social governance from the dimensions of institutional participation,consultative participation,feedback participation or institutional participation,non-institutional participation and confrontational participation.In addition,fs QCA method is innovatively used to describe the three steps of citizen participation from low to high non-participation,symbolic participation and substantive participation,enriching the measurement dimension of citizen participation in grassroots social governance in the Chinese scenario.(2)Considering the integrity and process of the research,the research content is innovative to some extent.Firstly,based on the dynamic structure of “time-narrative”,this research summarizes the evolution,logical basis and characteristic facts of citizen participation in grassroots social governance.Secondly,it systematically empirically analyzes the institutional guarantee effect of citizen participation in grassroots social governance,and further discusses the mediating effect mechanism of individual norms and the moderating effect mechanism of behavior control and outcome consciousness.This study concludes that the perfection of institutional guarantee should promote citizen participation in grassroots social governance,but in reality there may be negative effect.That is,the differentiated influence of institutional guarantee on different forms of citizen participation in grassroots social governance.Thirdly,based on the framework of sustainable livelihood analysis,we empirically test the effect of sustainable livelihood capital on citizen participation in grassroots social governance,and explore the possible mechanism of action,which expands the scope of capital endowment and enriches the research conclusions of capital endowment on citizen participation in grassroots social governance.Fourthly,it expands the research field of social well-being and promotes the transformation of subjective well-being and psychological well-being in the individual field in the ontological study of citizen participation to social well-being research in the public field.Citizen participation is an essential part of social governance at the grassroots level,and it embodies the system of self-governance and democratic consultation at the grassroots level.Expanding citizen participation in an orderly manner is an important guarantee for realizing the modernization of Chinese-style social governance at the grassroots level.Based on the research conclusion,following the two subjects of government and citizens,this paper puts forward several policy suggestions for reference.Firstly,it changes the overall paradigm of grassroots social governance from the perspective of cognition concept,practice process and target value,and realizes co-construction,co-governance and sharing.Secondly,promote the innovation of social governance system at the grassroots level.For example,further promote the innovation and practice of “bureaucracy system”,“co-construction system”,“co-governance system” and “shared system” of social governance at the grassroots level.Thirdly,comprehensively improve citizen capital endowment,improve citizen ability to participate in grassroots social governance,optimize citizen livelihood capital structure,and implement differentiated livelihood strategies.Fourthly,we should pay attention to the perception of citizen participation in grassroots social governance,improve their enthusiasm,initiative and creativity in participation,further create a good environment for civic participation,and improve their sense of happiness,gain and security in participation. |
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