The Study Of The Building Of Shao Shu Min Zu In Modern China

55 Shaoshuminzu of China are not a natural continuation of the ethnic groups that have existed for a long time in historical development.But the result of built in gradually since modern times.today’s 55 Shaoshuminzu in China have obvious constructiveness.In the process of building,there are not only the building of Shaoshuminzu by social and political forces,but also the consciousness of Shaoshuminzu themselves.There are interaction,influence between them,they have promoted the development and evolution of China’s Shaoshuminzu.This study is tried to restore the historical scene with constant interaction and deduction which are between the building of subject and object of Shaoshuminzu,this scene is the process of the building of Shaoshuminzu.that is,the historical and political process of how 55 Shaoshuminzu were built.The end of Qing Dynasty was the preparatory stage for the building of Shaoshu minzu.This period,the invasion of western powers,the dynasty facing unprecedented changes.Under these conditions,modern social and political elites have touched the western nationalist ideology and the concept of nation,social and political elites have used the nationalism to reshape a scattered China,However,because of the objective existence of various ethnic groups in China,and there was a vague understanding of the concept of ethnic group,so,modern social and political forces divided colossal ethnic groups into different minzu,and there was a distinction between the Hanzu and minzu other than the Hanzu becasue of the Han consciousness were springed up.At the same time,the nationalist trend of thought has impacted the political of Qing Dynasty.The dynasty were forced to transform.Many ethnic groups under the ruling state were also implicated,and they changed the existing evolutionary trajectory.Some non-han ethnic groups began to sprout of consciousness.Especially,some of their elites have become pioneers.During the period of the Republic of China,the building of Shaoshuminzu was carried out in an all-round way.There were three representative building paths.First,the building of Shaoshuminzu was under the ideological trend of modern nationalism.The period of Nanjing interim Government,the Republican concept of the five minzu has been formally formed,Manchu,Mongolian,Hui,Tibetan and other non-Han ethnic groups have been called minzu;The period of Beiyang Government,the Republican concept of the five minzu has been put into practice to a certain extent,Yuan Shikai’s government paid special attention to dealing with the relations with the upper class of Shaoshuminzu,The identity of the five minzu to the Republic of China has been improved,the consciousness of political participation has been strengthened.But this period,the interaction between Beiyang government and Shaoshuminzu was lack of integrity,the broad masses of Shaoshuminzu were still subject to multiple oppression at the bottom.Meanwhile,the strength of the country won the weak,Most Shaoshuminzu wandered between introversion and separation,The goal of nation-state building initiated since modern times that has not yet been realized.And the country was still in a state of chaos and beatings;The period of Nanjing National Government,The Kuomintang looked at domestic minzu from the perspective of nationalism,deliberately played down the consciousness of various Shaoshuminzu,and the concepts of frontier minzu,clan were built to refer to the Shaoshuminzu,it was forbidden to abuse the nouns of Shaoshuminzu and changed their names to frontier minzu,it has promoted the popularity of the concept of frontier minzu.Simultaneously,under the constant pressure of Japanese imperialism,based on the needs of the Anti-Japanese War,National Government organized the investigation of the Miao Yi minzu in the southwest and the minzu in the southwest border region,In order to guide a correct understanding of the domestic minzu,the minzu disparaging terms were abolished and the names of the southwest Shaoshuminzu were renamed by National Government.However,another result is that the scope of Shaoshuminzu or the frontier minzu is widening,more and more minzu are being discovered,and the domestic minzu are constantly subdivided.And in the case of the widespread of minzu concepts and the existence of the facts of minzu,After all,the Kuomintang and the National Government did not deny the various minzu,In the political discourse and constitutional discourse,this paper puts forward the expression that various minzu of the Republic of China are the constituent elements of the Chinese nation.Besides,The local forces of the KMT built the Shaoshuminzu with different nature and degree under the diverse minzu concept.Second,the building of Shaoshuminzu which was under the Marxist-Leninist ethnic theory.Marxism-Leninism has brought new hope to China’s social and political elites,the Chinese proletariat began to awaken,In particular,the outbreak of the May 4^thMovement promoted the spread of Marxist-Leninist and its ethnic theory in China.With the help of the Soviet Union and the Comintern,the CPC came into being,at the same time,it contributed to the cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party and the rise of the national revolutionary movement,the concept of Shaoshuminzu with the meaning of Ethnic self-determination and autonomy has been formally put forward,the broad masses of Shaoshuminzu have experienced a new awakening under the national revolutionary movement;After the breakdown of cooperation between the KMT and the CPC,the CPC was under the guidance of Marxist-Leninist Ethnic Theory,It has given great attention to various minzu（the core is Shaoshuminzu）in China,formed a set of minzu concept and practice which oriented to Shaoshuminzu,and promoted the building and application of the concept of various minzu,emphasize the equality,self-determination and autonomy of various minzu,and promoted the local practice of regional minzu autonomy,emphasized the great significance of the issue of Shaoshuminzu to the Chinese revolution,and payed special attention to the work of Shaoshuminzu,which makes more and more Shaoshuminzu got minzu titles,as a result,the political connotation of Shaoshuminzu continues to emerge,Shaoshuminzu increasingly prominent.Third,the building of the Shaoshuminzu was in the academic circles represented by ethnology and anthropology.Different from the KMT’s understanding of the frontier minzu（the Chinese nation living in the frontier areas）,the study of frontier minzu,which was mainly carried out by scholars,such as ethnology,anthropology and sociology,emphasizeed the distinction between domestic minzu from a cultural point of view,they thought that the frontier minzu were different non-Han groups,But the deeper the investigation of the frontier minzu,the wider the scope of the Shaoshuminzu would be.At the same time,mainly during the period of Nanjing National Government.There were still difference and clashes between different political parties and different social forces in the process of exchanging and interacting with different minzu concept,there were two trends in the process of debate and games.On the one hand,to debated the progress of the understanding of Shaoshuminzu on all sides.Neither side of the social and political forces could simply deny the existence of Shaoshuminzu;On the other hand,the strengthening of the consciousness of Shaoshuminzu.under the background of the general promotion of the consciousness of Shaoshuminzu,the CPC has promoted the building of Shaoshuminzu from a positive Perspective,to promoted the gradual recognition of Shaoshuminzu appellation by Shaoshuminzu;On the contrary,the awakening of the consciousness of various minzu in the KMT was going a little against the trend,which is bound to stimulate the further awakening of various minzu.From the above two trends,during the period of Nanjing National Government,the building of Shaoshuminzu was obvious improved.After the founding of People’s Republic of China,especially with the development of minzu identification,the building of Shaoshuminzu has been basically completed.The CPC was in charge of the state power,the minzu concept of the Communist Party has gained a dominant position,Shaoshuminzu were recognized as important political units.More importantly,the minzu concept and practice of Shaoshuminzu,which the Communist Party has always been insisted on,that would soon be put into practice at the national level,highlighting the practical need to divide and identify Shaoshuminzu.For example,the establishment of regional minzu autonomy first determines the governance of minzu,that was,Shaoshuminzu must be divided.At the same time,the question of how many minzu there were in China which was eagerly implemented in the time of regional minzu autonomy and the representative system of minzu,The names of more than 400ethnic groups were reported by the provinces which have been directly reversed to the work of minzu identification.Then,The minzu identification of New China marked the basic completion of the building of Shaoshuminzu.That was,55 kinds of minzu names which were consciously recognized by Shaoshuminzu that have been built,and the basic coincidence of the logic of subject and object were built by Shaoshuminzu which was realized.It could be considered that minzu identification was the result of the joint promotion of the subject and object of Shaoshuminzu;In the official form,55 kinds of Shaoshuminzu identity were fixed,the object of Shaoshuminzu identity was fixed,the subject of Shaoshuminzu identity was defined,the boundary of Shaoshuminzu identity was solidified,and the political attribute of Shaoshuminzu was strengthened,Realized that the completed awakening of Shaoshuminzu.The difference between 55Shaoshuminzu and many ethnic groups in history was reflected not only in the change in quantity,but also in the difference in nature,connotation and identity.Not only that,there were also significant differences between the minzu which recognized by minzu identification and those ethnicity who have obtained zu or minzu appellations since modern times.And all ethnic groups have not achieved the political and legal status of all minzu today,nor have they obtained the collective rights as a minzu,especially collective political rights,nor have they formed the minzu interests brought and safeguarded by the policies of the Party and the state.After minzu identification,the CPC and the state,the academic circles,and the Shaoshuminzu themselves have strengthened the logic of zuti development confirmed by minzu identification to varying degrees,It has promoted the continuous evolution of Shaoshuminzu.From a specific point of ciew,the CPC and the state have consolidated the results of the building of Shaoshuminzu which confirmed by minzu identification through the minzu concept and practice,and developed the interests of Shaoshuminzu,while minzu studies which have helped minzu work.Shaoshuminzu themselves make continuous efforts and forge ahead on their own under the minzu paradigm.The building of Shaoshuminzu has been carried out in a long historical process,it has some specific foundations,conditions,elements,types,which also has been achieved under the promotion of different social and political forces at different stages,and it has had a far-reaching impact.From the point of view of the building of the subject and object of Shaoshuminzu,these effects are mainly concentrated in the state,ethnic group,political parties and Shaoshuminzu themselves.For example,through the building of Shaoshuminzu which enhance the ethnic awareness of Shaoshuminzu and the consciousness of the Chinese nation,and enhance the identity of Shaoshuminzu to the CPC and the state,and most importantly,promote the development and progress of Shaoshuminzu.