A Study On Function Wordsin Guizhou Tianzhu(Zhulin) Suantang Dialect

Zhulin Town is located in the southeast of Tianzhu County,Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture,Guizhou Province,at the border with Dapuzi Town in Jingzhou Miao and Dong Autonomous County,and Diling Township in Huitong County,Huaihua City,Hunan Province.The residents of Zhulin Town are mainly the Miao ethnic group,but daily communication uses four kinds of languages:Suantang dialect,Miao dialect,Dong dialect,and Southwest Mandarin.Suantang dialect mentioned in this paper is a Chinese dialect mainly distributed on both sides of the southern section of the Hunan Guizhou border,namely the border area between southeastern Guizhou and southwestern Hunan,including counties such as Jingzhou,Huitong,Tianzhu,Jinping,Liping,Tongdao,Xinhuang,Zhijiang,etc.This paper mainly applies the theories and methods of descriptive linguistics to study the function words in Suantang dialect represented by Zhulin Village,Zhulin Town,Tianzhu County.The paper is divided into 6 parts,including introduction,prepositions,conjunctions,auxiliary words,and modal particles.Part 1 Introduction.This section mainly introduces the geographical overview of Zhulin Town,the current situation of multilingual coexistence within the territory,as well as the self-calling and nominatum name situations of Suantang dialect and surrounding languages or dialects.The system describes the distribution of Suantang dialect in China and the internal differences in Suantang dialect in Zhulin Town.This paper systematically reviews the current research status of Suantang dialect in China,including phonetics,vocabulary,grammar,and lineages,confirms the research content and methods of this article,and provides a brief explanation of the basic situation of the writing of this article.Part 2 Preposition.Firstly,in this section,Suantang dialect is divided into five kinds according to the semantic features of prepositions and prepositional phrases.（1）Temporal-locative prepositions（such as indicating the location of a preposition,indicating the origin of a preposition,indicating the end to the preposition,etc.）.（2）Methods-with prepositions（such as indicating instrumental prepositions,indicating dependent prepositions,indicating method prepositions,etc.）.（3）Agentive-patient Prepositions（such as agentive prepositions,patient prepositions,etc.）.（4）Causal-purposive prepositions（such as causal prepositions,purposive prepositions,etc.）.（5）Object-range prepositions（such as comitative prepositions,benefactive prepositions,etc.）Secondly,under each subcategory,a detailed description was given to the semantic features and syntactic functions of prepositions.The vast majority of prepositions in Suantang dialect are multifunctional.The grammatical features of most prepositions in Suantang dialect are not significantly different from those in Mandarin,but it also has special aspects.For example indicating the location of a preposition,the use of the preposition’zai（在）’only refers to the location,"guo（过）"can be used as a instrumental preposition,"na（拿）"can be used as an agentive preposition and an patient preposition,"gao（搞）"and"tong（同）"can be used as a comitative preposition,and"ba（把）,tong（同）"can be used as a benefactive preposition,etc.Finally,The most prominent feature of prepositions in sour soup dialect is their ability to Reduplicate and juxtaposed.Reduplication is used as a contrastive focus,and juxtaposition has the function of reinforcement and prominence.In addition,the agentive-patient prepositions in Suantang dialect can be used in the mixed sentence structure of"NP₁+passive marker+disposal marker+NP₂+VP".Semantically,the sentence expresses both passive and disposed meanings;the predicate verb VP in the sentence is generally not issued by NP1 and NP2,and it is not expected for the subject"NP1,NP2",which has a suddenness.Part 3 Conjunction.This section mainly divides conjunctions into two categories:associative conjunctions and subordinative conjunctions.Under the associative category,there are four sub categories:coordinating conjunctions,sequnential conjunctions,progressive conjunctions,and selective conjunctions.Under the subordinative category,there are six sub categories:hypothetical conjunctions,causal conjunctions,concessive conjunctions,relational conjunctions,adversative conjunctions,and purposive conjunctions.Under each subcategory,a more detailed description is provided based on the semantic features and position of conjunctions in the sentence.Some conjunctions in Suantang dialect have multiple functions.The usage of most conjunctions in Suantang dialect is not significantly different from that in Mandarin.The more special ones mainly include the coordinating conjunction“gao（搞）,tong（同）",the sequential conjunction"hao（好）,haojiu（好就）",the selective conjunction"nengke（能可）",the hypothetical conjunction"haba（哈巴）,menzhe（门者）,maozhe（冇者）",the causal conjunction"yi ge（一个）",the concession conjunction"jiu（就）",the relational conjunction"zai（在）,xinzai（信在）",and the transitional conjunction"zhang（长）",etc.In addition,conjunctions in Suantang dialect also can be used juxtaposed,referring to the direct superposition of two conjunctions（i.e.different subcategories under each conjunction）under the same subcategory of conjunctions at a certain level.The use of conjunctions has certain formal characteristics and restrictive conditions,demonstrating unique pragmatic functions.Part 4 Auxiliary Words.This section mainly involves structural auxiliary words,aspect auxiliary words,comparative auxiliary words,and other auxiliary words.Under each subcategory,more detailed descriptions have been provided on the semantic features and syntactic functions of auxiliary words.Some auxiliary words in Suantang dialect are multifunctional."de（的）"belongs to the attributive or referential markers in structural auxiliary words.The adverbial marker is"de（地）",and the complement markers are"de（得）,de（的）,qi（起）,zhe（着）".The durative aspect auxiliary words in appearance auxiliary words mainly include"qi（起）,zhe（着）,de（的）".The usage of’de（的）’and’de（地）’is very rare.The experiential auxiliary words mainly include"guo（过）"and"zhuo（着）".’zhuo（着）’mainly appears in negative sentences.Predicates cannot be adjectives or verbs expressing psychological activities.The main auxiliary words in the perfect aspect include"ga（嘎）,qi（起）,zhe（着）,de（的）"."zhe（着）,de（的）"only appears in the’V+X+O’format.The auxiliary words for comparison mainly include"de xiang（的像）"and"xiang（像）".The attached components and the comparative structure are not consistent as sentence components.Other auxiliary words mainly include"xing（行）,chang（场）,and zhe（者）",with varying meanings and attachment components.In addition,Suantang dialect has a special sentence structure of"S+V+aspect auxiliary words+PP".The appearance auxiliary words that can be used in this sentence pattern are mainly the durative aspect"qi（起）","zhe（着）",and the perfect aspect"ga（嘎）".Prepositions mainly include"zai（在）"indicating the location,"dao（到）"indicating the end to,and"tong（同）"indicating the beneficiary object,which has certain differences compared to the"S+V+PP".Due to the inclusion of aspect auxiliary words,the semantics of"S+V+aspect auxiliary words+PP"mainly emphasize the aspect state of actions,which strongly connect with the dialect.Part 5 Modal particles.Suantang dialect has a rich and distinctive modal particles.This section selects several commonly used and typical modal particles as the research objects,mainly covering three categories:state modal particle,interrogative modal particle,and evidentiality modal particle.The state modal particles in Suantang dialect are relatively rich,such as"galou（嘎喽）,lou（喽）"indicating the existing and future states respectively,"qi（起）,zhe（着）"indicating the present state,"zhe（着）,zheng（正）"indicating the antecedent state,and"jiu（就）,bie（别）,hai（嗐）"indicating the assumed state.In interrogative modal particles,"ai（唉）"is used for yes-no question,"ma（吗）"and its phonetic form are used for A-not-A question,"ba（吧）"and its phonetic form are used for measuring questions,and"wa（哇）,wo（喔）,a（啊）"is used for tag-questions.In the evidentiality modal particle,"ha（哈）"represents inference,"xiang ha（像哈）"represents measurement,"jiang（讲）"and"jiang ha（讲哈）"represent hearsay（second-hand and third-hand evidence）,and"ji（叽）"and"jiang（讲哈）"represent quote（second-hand and third-hand markers）.In addition,some mood particles in Suantang dialect can also be used at the end of interrogative sentences（even directly after interrogative mood particles）,mainly including:"a（啊）,zhe（着）,de（嘚）,hai（嗐）,hei（嘿）,le（叻）,ne（呢）,o（哦）,jie（介）,ha（哈）",etc.Its main functions include reminding,deep study,urging,questioning,relieving,etc.Part 6 Conclusion.This section summarizes the content and innovations of the study in this dissertation,and gives some suggestions for further study.