| Zhang Chao(张潮)is an excellent case study of the ecology of literati in the early Qing Dynasty.His life was rich in writings and engravings,and he also had a wide range of friendships,leaving behind a large collection of letters,"Chi Du You Sheng"(《尺牍友声集》),which records his correspondence with friends and their replies and has special documentary value.Behind almost all of Zhang Chao’s engraving activities,there are traces of his travel activities.This collection of letters he left behind offers the possibility for people to explore and restore his social activities by combining his engraved works and delving into the details of history.The introductory section introduces the reason why I chose this topic,the current status of Zhang Chao’s research,the research method and the content of this study.Although there are still a lot of weaknesses in the existing research on Zhang Chao’s life and frirendships,it is possible to continue to explore Zhang Chao’s life and frirendships in depth with the successive publication of the relevant proofs.The first chapter begins with a discussion of Zhang Chao’s family history.Zhang Chao did not come from a prominent family,but his family still had an influence on his later engraving activities.Zhang Chao’s grandfather,Zhang Zhengmao(张正茂),was good at both poetry and art,showing the literary and artistic genes of the family.Zhang Chao later produced many word games such as "Shi Huan"(《诗幻》)and "Xi Nang Cun Jin"((奚囊寸锦》),probably with the meaning of admiring his ancestors’ style.Zhang Chao’s father,Zhang Xi Kong(张习孔),was a key figure in the revitalization of the Zhang family,and his experience as the commander of the Shandong Provincial Academy and the series of scholarly writings he left behind enabled him to make him famous.Even after his death,his influence continued to play a role in helping Zhang Chao expanding his friendships.Zhang’s Yi Qing Tang(诒清堂)was originally a family book workshop,but with Zhang Chao’s efforts,its business scope was further expanded on the basis of home engraving business,which had the nature of workshop engraving,and in this transformation process,Zhang Chao’s brothers provided lots of help.At the time of Zhang Chao’s family falling,the third brother Zhang Jian also helped Zhang Chao to complete the publication of "Zhaodai Congshu Bingji"(《昭代丛书丙集》).The second chapter identifies several difficult issues in the study of Zhang Chao’s life,and makes a prudent judgment in conjunction with the materials.The year of Zhang Chao’s death has always been in doubt,and those who have made individual judgments have not listed their basis.In this paper,through a careful analysis of the poem "Yangliu Sigh"(《杨柳叹》)in Xu Yingnian’s "Huaishu Poetry"(许迎年《槐墅诗钞》),the poem "Yangliu Sigh" mentions Zhang Chao’s nephew Zhang Hanbu(张汉瓿),the son of Zhang Shilin(张士麟),and further deduces Zhang Chao’s death in 1709 by combining relevant information.The section on Zhang Chao’s experience in the imperial examinations discusses the role of Zhang Xikong as a model for Zhang Chao.Although Zhang Chao eventually abandoned the imperial examinations and joined the business world,his experience of losing the imperial examinations still had an impact on his later literary creation and social activities.Zhang Chao’s commercial activities,mainly on the facts related to Zhang Chao’s salt business and the identification of whether his publishing activities were of a profit-making nature,analyzes the economic sources and motivation of Zhang Chao to engage in publishing activities.Zhang Chao’s later years have always been a difficult point in the study of Zhang Chao,because of the lack of information,it is difficult to draw a definite conclusion,and can only be analyzed in terms of possibilities.In this paper,we analyze the economic reasons for Zhang Chao’s family’s downfall according to the biography of Wu,the wife of Zhang Shaozu(张绍祖),Zhang Chao’s nephew,which is included in the Liang Huai Yanfa Zhi"(《两淮盐法志》)Volume 24,"List of Women",which may have been influenced by the failure of the salt business.The third chapter examines Zhang Chao’s interactions with the Ming relics,taking Huang Zhouxing(黄周星),Mao Xiang(冒襄)and Yu Huai(余怀)as examples.This period was the rise of Zhang Chao’s publishing career,while the Ming relics had all entered the late stage of their lives.By analyzing Zhang Chao’s interactions with the Ming relics,we can learn more about the early development of Zhang Chao’s engraving career and,by the way,learn more about the later years of the Ming relics that received little attention in the past.In this paper,we focus on the precise dating of these early letters and explain the basis for it when discussing Zhang Chao’s interactions with Ming relics.In the section on Huang Zhouxing,a brief overview of Huang Zhouxing’s life and writings is presented,focusing on his relic character and analyzing his highly personal creative style,further analyzing the influence of Huang Zhouxing’s insight and creativity on Zhang Chao.The section of Mao Xiang focuses on Mao Xiang as a representative figure of Ming remnant,whose Shui Hui Yuan(水绘园)was a place where famous scholars gathered,and whose rich book collection provided a source of manuscripts for Zhang Chao’s early editing of Yu Chu Xin Zhi(《虞初新志》),and Zhang Chao also financially supported Mao Xiang in material terms.This section also analyzes the role of Mao Xiang as a model for Zhang Chao as a former famous scholar,and the compilation of Mao Xiang’s "The Collection of the Same People" is clearly an inspiration for Zhang Chao’s compilation of the "Chi Du You Sheng"(《尺牍友声》)and his practice of inviting colleagues to comment on his personal works.This section also provides an overview of Zhang Chao’s organization of the mourning activities,following in the footsteps of Mao Xiang’s widespread solicitation of poetry to mourn the death of Dong Xiao wan(董小宛).This section analyzes Zhang Chao’s courtesy to Yu Huai in his later years when he went to Yangzhou to seek funding for publishing his writings,and in combination with his correspondence with Zhang Chao,it reveals some of his plans for compilation and engraving in his later years,and in combination with the works of Yu Huai selected by Zhang Chao’s "Yu Chu Xin Zhi",it concludes that the early compilation work of "Yu Chu Xin Zhi" received much help from the Ming survivors,and furthermore,in combination with the early engraving of "Ban Qiao Miscellaneous Records"(《板桥杂记》),it gives a glimpse of Zhang Chao’s compilation and engraving.The fourth chapter examines Zhang Chao’s interactions with Qing officials,taking Cao Zhenji(曹贞吉),Wang Shizhen(王士禛),and Yunduan(蕴端),as examples.During Cao Zhenji’s tenure as the governor of Huizhou,Zhang Chao helped him to complete the engraving of Ke Xue Lyrics(《珂雪词》),and at Cao Zhenji’s request,Zhang Chao’s commentary was also engraved into it.During this process,Zhang Chao also made a series of requests,such as asking Cao Zhenji to write a preface for Zhang Xi Kong’s book Da Yi Bian Zhi(《大易辩志》),and to write a review for his personal book You Meng Ying(《幽梦影》).Zhang Chao also received a certain degree of care from Cao Zhenji in terms of daily mundane affairs.As Zhang Chao’s reputation grew,he began to seek personal influence among the famous officials of the capital.After Wang Shizhen saw Zhang Chao’s engraving of the first collection of Tanji series(《檀几丛书》),he was willing to give Zhang Chao a series of personal works and the works of his friends and disciples to engrave.In this process,Zhang Chao met almost all of the meticulous requirements from Wang Shizhen,and the addition of celebrity works on the one hand enhanced the influence of Zhang Chao’s engraved series,and on the other hand shortened the engraving cycle,making the quality of the other engraved works in the series decline.Zhang Chao interacted with Yun Duan,mainly through Zhu Xiang(朱襄),Gu Zhuo(顾卓),and the Genjie Monk(根洁上人),etc.In this process,Zhang Chao harvested Yun Duan’s "Four poetries for Zhang Chao"(《寄赠张潮四绝句》)and later listed as Yun Duan’s disciple.On behalf of Yunduan,Zhang Chao engraved and printed " The Legend of Yangzhou Dream"(《扬州梦传奇》)and helped the circulation of "Yu Chi Sheng Manuscript"(《玉池生稿》)in the southern market,etc.Zhang Chao’s activities of befriending famous officials,whether it was letters accompanying books,or gifts of celebrity paintings and calligraphy,all depended on his personal financial support,and when Zhang Chao was enthusiastic about his activities among the famous officials in the capital,he experienced the "Jimao difficulty"(己卯之难)in his life,and after completing this batch of engraving and printing,he even had no more financial resources to support the engraving and printing of Zhaodai Congshu B Collection(《昭代丛书乙集》)After completing this batch of engravings,he could not even afford to support the engraving of Zhaodai Zongshu C Collection(《昭代丛书丙集》),which is a great loss and gain.Take "Yu Chuxinzhi","Dream Shadow","Tanji Series","Zhaodai Series" as a representative,make a brief description of its compilation and the survival situations,so that people can understand Zhang Chao’s achievements in the compilation of engraving and publication. |
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