| Social governance is an important aspect of national governance,and good social governance is the premise and guarantee for social harmony and stability and for people to live and work in peace and contentment.Urban and rural communities are the basic units of social governance,and the goal of social governance is to continuously improve individuals’sense of gain,happiness,and sense of security.And the improvement of sense of gain is the basis of enhancing happiness and sense of security.The concept of sense of gain has been paid close attention by philosophy,politics and other disciplines since it was put forward.A large number of studies have pointed out that individuals with higher sense of gain have higher levels of happiness,satisfaction with life and sense of security,higher levels of government trust and political trust,and class identity and party identity.But at present,the studies on sense of gain were still in the stage of theoretical exploration.First,there was different emphasis on the definition of sense of gain,such as some researchers focused on the content of sense of gain,some researchers focused on social comparison and the content of sense of gain at the same time,and some researchers focused on their own efforts and the content of sense of gain at the same time.And the different focus of the definition of sense of gain led to different measurement standards,and a large number of empirical studies were based on the fitting of social public data,and there was still a lack of standardized measurement tools,especially for this special group of community residents.Second,the study about function of sense of gain was not systematic.Third,there were some differences in the conclusions on the influencing factors of sense of gain.Finally,socioeconomic status was positively related to sense of gain.But there were little studies to explore the internal psychological mechanism.Based on this,this study used qualitative research,questionnaire method,experimental method and mini meta-analysis to carry out four series of studies to explore the essential connotation of community residents’sense of gain,develop standardized measurement tools of community residents’sense of gain,explore the function of community residents’sense of gain,and preliminarily examine the factors that affect community residents’sense of gain.Finally,based on social cure effect,we deeply explore the psychological mechanism of the effect of socioeconomic status on community residents’sense of gain.In the first study,explore the essential connotation of community residents’sense of gain and develop standardized measurement tools of community residents’sense of gain.It mainly included three studies.Study 1 aimed to explore the essential connotation and the theoretical structure of community residents’sense of gain.24community residents were recruited to conduct in-depth interviews.Based on the grounded theory,Nvivo12.0 analysis was used for text analysis.Results showed that:(1)This paper put forward the definition of community residents’sense of gain.That is,community residents’sense of gain was a kind of subjective cognition and emotional experience in which residents perceived themselves to be in a favorable position in the multi-view system through their own efforts and comparison with reference groups,and then experienced the positive emotions such as pleasure,happiness and so on.(2)Community residents’sense of gain included four main components:micro-system,meso-system,macro-system and emotional experience.Specifically,micro-system included physiological systems(such as clothing,food,shelter,transportation,and physical health),psychological systems(such as problem solving and self-improvement),and social systems(such as socioeconomic status,achievement,and social resources).The meso-system included family relationships and friend relationships.The macro-system included community resources(such as community activities,community facilities,community services,community care,neighborhood harmony)and national government(such as national policies,national prosperity).And the gain from the macro-system would affected the gain of the meso-system and the micro-system,and the micro-system and the meso-system would also influence each other.The gain from the three systems also would affect individuals’emotional experience.(3)Own efforts and social comparison were important external factors that affected community residents’sense of gain.Study 2 aimed to develop a questionnaire on the community residents’sense of gain,and 502 community residents were investigated.Results showed that community residents’sense of gain included two subscales:sense of cognitive gain and sense of emotional experience gain,with a total of 16 items.The sense of cognitive gain subscale included two dimensions:horizontal sense of cognitive gain and longitudinal sense of cognitive gain,and the sense of emotional experience gain subscale included two dimensions:horizontal sense of emotional experience gain and longitudinal sense of emotional experience gain.Study3 aimed to test the reliability and validity of the community residents’sense of gain questionnaire,and a total of 466 community residents were recruited.Results showed that(1)The internal consistency coefficient of the questionnaire was between 0.833 and0.901,and the retest reliability was between 0.726 and 0.840.(2)There were significant correlations among all dimensions and sub-scales(r=0.403～0.895),and the fitting indexes of the second-order two-factor model were good(χ~2/df=2.834,SRMR=0.077,RMSEA=0.063,NNFI=0.952,CFI=0.968,IFI=0.968).(3)All dimensions and sub-scales were significantly correlated with satisfaction with life(r=0.487～0.658)positive emotions(r=0.365～0.593)and relative sense of deprivation(r=-0.416～-0.233),which could be used as a measurement tool for subsequent community residents’sense of gain.In the second study,the alleviating and promoting functions of community residents’sense of gain were discussed from the variable-centered approach and person-centered approach,respectively.It mainly included second studies.Study 4 aimed to explore the alleviating function of community residents’sense of gain in 705 community residents.Results showed that(1)Sense of cognitive gain and sense of emotional experience gain were negatively correlated with depression,anxiety and stress.(2)From the person-centered approach,that was,potential profile analysis found that sense of cognitive gain could be divided into three classes:lower sense of cognitive gain class,middle sense of cognitive gain class,and higher sense of cognitive gain class.And there were significant differences among the three classes in depression,anxiety and stress.Sense of emotional experience gain could be divided into three classes:lower sense of emotional experience gain class,middle sense of emotional experience gain class,and higher sense of emotional experience gain class.There were significant differences in the scores of depression,anxiety and stress among the three classes.Study 5 examined the promoting function of community residents’sense of gain in 483community residents.Results showed that(1)Sense of cognitive gain and sense of emotional experience gain were significantly and positively related to system rationalization and prosocial behavior.(2)The results of potential profile analysis showed that sense of cognitive gain could be divided into three classes:lower sense of cognitive gain class,middle sense of cognitive gain class,and higher sense of cognitive gain class.There were significant differences in system rationalization and prosocial behavior among the three classes.Sense of emotional experience gain could be divided into three classes:lower sense of emotional experience gain class,middle sense of emotional experience gain class,and higher sense of emotional experience gain class.The differences between the three classes in system rationalization and prosocial behavior were statistically significant.In the third study,we aimed to explore the factors affecting community residents’sense of gain.It mainly included one study.Study 6 recruited 492 community residents and explored the factors influencing community residents’sense of gain.Results showed that(1)There were statistically significant differences in community residents’sense of gain in terms of gender,marital status,housing type,and age.Specifically,the scores of sense of cognitive gain and sense of emotional experience gain of female,married and homeowners were significantly higher than those of male,unmarried and those without houses.And the older the community residents were,the higher the scores of sense of cognitive gain and sense of emotional experience gain.However,the correlations between the length of residence and sense of cognitive gain and sense of emotional experience gain were not significant.(2)Self-esteem,perceived control,psychological resilience and community identity were positively correlated with sense of cognitive gain and sense of emotional experience gain.Further analysis found that there were significant differences in the scores of sense of cognitive gain and sense of emotional experience gain among different self-esteem,perceived control,psychological resilience,and community identity.(3)Objective socioeconomic status and subjective socioeconomic status were positively correlated with sense of cognitive gain and sense of emotional experience gain.Further analysis found that there were statistically significant differences in the scores of sense of cognitive gain and sense of emotional experience gain among different socioeconomic status groups.In the fourth study,we aimed to explore the influence of socioeconomic status on community residents’sense of gain and the mediating role of community identity between them.It mainly included three studies.Study 7 aimed to investigate the mediating role of community identity between socioeconomic status and community residents’sense of gain by using questionnaire method,including two studies.Study 7a used 28,300 adult questionnaires from the China Family Panel Studies,and study 7b recruited a large sample of 1,110 community residents.Results showed that there was a significant and positive correlation between socioeconomic status and sense of gain,and community identity mediated the association between socioeconomic status and sense of gain.Study 8 aimed to investigate the mediating role of community identity between socioeconomic status and community residents’sense of gain by using experimental method,including three studies.Study 8a used pictures to manipulate higher or lower socioeconomic status of 59 community residents,Study 8b used words to manipulate lower socioeconomic status and control group of 69 community residents,and Study 8c used virtual social paradigm to manipulate higher or lower socioeconomic status of 121 community residents.Results showed that compared with those with higher socioeconomic status(or control group),those with lower socioeconomic status had lower sense of cognitive gain and sense of emotional experience gain.And further mediating effect test found those in the lower socioeconomic status group had lower community identity than the higher socioeconomic status group(or control group),and the lower level of community identity in turn reduced sense of cognitive gain and sense of emotional experience gain.Study 9 aimed to conduct mini meta-analysis on the results of study 7 and study 8 to investigate the mediating role of community residents.Results showed that after controlling community identity,there was a significant positive correlation between socioeconomic status and community residents’sense of gain;after controlling community residents’sense of gain,there was a significant positive correlation between socioeconomic status and community identity;after controlling socioeconomic status,there was a significant positive correlation between community identity and community residents’sense of gain.Through a series of studies,this study explored the essential connotation of community residents’sense of gain and developed standardized measurement tools,and explored the function of community residents’sense of gain in relieving depression,anxiety and stress and promoting system rationalization and prosocial behavior,and preliminarily explored the influence of demographic variables,individual characteristic variables and social environment variables on community residents’sense of gain.Finally,the study explored the internal mechanism of the influence of socioeconomic status on community residents’sense of gain from the perspective of social public data,large sample survey,experimental method and mini meta-analysis.The main innovations of this study are as follows:(1)Discuss the essential connotation of community residents’sense of gain,compile standardized measurement tools,explore its functions and influencing factors,and demonstrate the mediating role of community identity in socioeconomic status and community residents’sense of gain.(2)Qualitative research,potential profile analysis,experiment method and mini meta-analysis were used to carry out a series of studies centering on community residents’sense of gain.The results of the study are helpful to understand the essential connotation of community residents’sense of gain from the psychological point of view,provide a standardized psychometric tool for the evaluation of community residents’sense of gain,and further prove the significance of community residents’sense of gain.It is of reference significance to comprehensively enhance community residents’sense of gain,and provide an empirical basis for the improvement of sense of gain of residents with low socioeconomic status. |
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