| Sgurb pa bka brgyad is one of the main teachings of the Nyingma sect in Tibetan Buddhism.It consists of five Lokuttara teachings and three worldly teachings.The five Lokuttara teachings;namely Vjam dpal skul,Padma gsung,Yang dag thuks,bdud rtsi yon tan and Phur pa phrin las.The three worldly teachings,namely Ma mo rbod ktong,Vjik rten mchod bstod and Dmod pa drag sngags.In a word,there are eight different embranchment teachings in Sgurb pa bka brgyad,and the Sgurb pa bka brgyad is the general term of the eight different embranchment teachings.According to the“Three Yogas”,it belongs to the Maha yoga,a tantric teaching which had been spread by Padma Sambhava and Bodhisattva in the snowy plateau during 8th century AD.The former five embranchments of Lokuttara teachings in Sgrub pa bka brgyad absorbed the Tantric concepts of the“Five Buddhas”,the“Five Races”,and the“Five Wisdoms”in the Hindu Buddhist tantric teachings.It is the core teaching concepts of the Sgrub pa bka brgyad.The three worldly teachings is a theory,which is constructed based on a variety of worldly deities,who mainly give helps or lead the practitioners of tantra or yogis.Both of the Lokuttara teachings and worldly teachings form the religious system of Tibetan Buddhist Nyingma sect’s Sgrub pa bka brgyad teaching.Through literature reviews,the author analyzes and textual researches the origin of Sgrub pa bka brgyad teaching,discovers that the name of Sgrub pa bka brgyad might be created by master Padma Vbyung gnas after he had entered Tibet.Because,the core religious concepts of Sgrub pa bka brgyad,such as“Five Buddhas”,“Five races”,and“Five wisdoms”,first appeared in《De nyid dsdus pa》,《Skmyu aphul drb ba ksang ba snying po》and《Bshad rgyud rdo rje rtse mo》,all of them includes in Tibetan Buddhist texts《Kangyar》,translated word of Buddha（108 volumes）in Tibetan.According to the reliable literature review,these Tibetan Buddhist texts had formed before 8th century AD.Based on the characteristics of Sgrub pa bka brgyad teaching and the biography of master Padma Vbyung gnas,this paper illustrates that the Sgrub pa bka brgyad teaching was developed by Padma Vbyung gnas depended on the Hindu Buddhist tantric doctrines or concepts,which prevailed in the later period of the history of Hindu Buddhism,and absorbed the Tibetan native religion Bon’s deities and rituals as aiding materials.From the perspective of Marxist view of religion and China’s religious localization’s experience,the author tries to illustrate that the Sgrub pa bka brgyad is a typical case of religious localization in Tibetan land.Because,which combines Hindu Buddhist tantra with Tibetan native religion Bon’s elements.Besides,this paper first proposes that the master Padma Vbyung gnas could successfully spread Hindu Buddhist tantra in Tibetan land attributes to the measure of localization in Tibet.In addition,from the perspective of religious science,this paper analyzes the similarities and differences between the“deities”of Sgrub pa bka brgyad and the“gods”in western religious theory.Sequentially proposes the three worldly teachings of Sgrub pa bka brgyad can reflect the Tibetan local cultural characteristics and ritualistic characteristics.In conclusion,this paper is based on the theoretical support of the Marxist view of religion,taking the interpretation of religion method and the comparative method illustrates the history,characteristics,deities,localization of Sgrub pa bka brgyad teaching in Tibetan Nyingma Sect. |
