Research On Marx’s Ontology Thought

From the perspective of the development of the history of philosophy,the development of western philosophy to the modern period has brought about a revolutionary shift in the research focus of philosophy,that is,the shift from the focus on "ontology" to "epistemology";In the period of modern western philosophy,the focus of philosophical research has undergone a revolutionary transformation again,that is,the well-known linguistic turn and the practical turn(ontological turn).However,the two revolutionary changes in the research focus of modern philosophy do not indicate the demise of ontology,which is the basic theory of philosophy.However,after metaphysics was critically deconstructed by Hume and Kant,the ontological problems of traditional metaphysics were regarded as "suspicious" or "doubtful".Although Hume and Kant "suspended" the ontological problem,it does not mean that the legitimacy of the ontological problem should be abolished.Therefore,according to Kant’s critique of reason,Hegel revived the ontological theoretical research by reconstructing the rational tool.Objectively speaking,in the development of modern western philosophy,ontology and epistemology are intertwined and entangled,and theoretical rebirth is obtained in the criticism,questioning and Deconstruction of epistemology.Under the impetus of Hegel,modern philosophy reached its peak and also came to the end.Therefore,destroying and deconstructing modern metaphysics,especially Hegel’s system philosophy,became the main task of Western Philosophy in the 19 th century.In this process,two phenomena appeared: on the one hand,Nietzsche,Schopenhauer and others took anti absolutism as their philosophical goal and opened the relativistic philosophical form represented by the philosophy of will,which ultimately left only a philosophical ruin.On the other hand,Marx took the philosophical path of simultaneous deconstruction and construction under the premise of integrating the opposites between relativism and absolutism.By criticizing and sublating modern philosophy,Marx realized the double revolution of epistemology and ontology in the way of philosophical revolution.If we say that the epistemological revolution of Marx’s philosophy refers to the change of the concept of practice,that is,"how to understand the world";Then the ontological revolution refers to the change of philosophical research objects,that is,the question of "what is the nature of the world(existence)".It is precisely because this philosophical change is dual that Marxist philosophy should not only explain the world,but also devote itself to transforming the world.Because only by clearly knowing what the essence of the world is can we scientifically transform the world.It is Marx’s revelation of the essence of "social relations" in the entity categories of human existence and social existence that determines the political nature of Marx’s philosophy;That is,to transform the world is not only to transform nature,but also to revolutionize everything in the existing world and transform unfair and unreasonable social relations through the Communist movement.From different philosophical perspectives,we can form different views and explanations on the ontology of Marx’s philosophy: if we regard Marx’s philosophy as a revolutionary theory of the proletariat transforming the world,then we can highlight the great significance of human practical activities in the development of human history;Then,the ontology of Marx’s philosophy will take on the philosophical form of "practical ontology".If we regard Marx’s philosophy as the revelation of the general laws of human social movement,then we can highlight the fundamental position of productive labor in the development of human history;Then,the ontology of Marx’s philosophy will take on the philosophical form of "productive labor ontology".If Marx’s philosophy is regarded as a general exploration of the social structure and operating law of human society,then the core position of Marx’s philosophy is to emphasize the category of social existence represented by "commodity" "currency" "capital" and so on;Then,the ontology of Marx’s philosophy will take on the philosophical form of "social existence ontology".Objectively speaking,the above viewpoints and opinions based on the logical process of the development of Marxist philosophy are all reasonable to a certain extent,but they basically "intuitively" represent the ontological basis of Marxist philosophy from one side,which essentially belongs to the "special ontology" category of Marxist philosophy.Fundamentally speaking,Marx’s philosophy in the mature period is a scientific revelation of the deep logical structure of human life activities in modern society and the "thing in itself" that restricts the historical mystery of human social development.In this sense,from the perspective of ideological coherence and totality,we believe that the ontological basis of logically upgraded Marxist philosophy should be "social relationship ontology".Compared with the above-mentioned ontological foundations in the special sense of Marxist philosophy,"social relationship ontology" occupies a basic leading position.As the "basic ontology" form of Marx’s philosophy,"social relationship ontology" is an "eternal" category with "transcendental" meaning but "real existence" and plays a key role in explaining the historical development of human society.The "end metaphysics" put forward by Marx’s philosophy,including modern western philosophy,is essentially the "end" of the traditional intellectual metaphysics,especially the philosophical form of entity ontology.If we want to get rid of the theoretical paradigm of "entity ontology" completely,we must start from the premise of philosophical thinking mode and realize a thorough reform of ontological philosophical thinking mode.The thinking mode of Marx’s practice theory is contrary to the "intellectual thinking mode" of traditional philosophy.On the basis of synthesizing the "two poles" ontology of traditional philosophy,it makes a reasonable explanation for the real "ontology",that is,the social relationship behind human activities.It should be clear that Marx’s new philosophy has got rid of the ontology paradigm of the old philosophy.Therefore,in the theoretical context of historical materialism,"social relations" with ontological orientation are developing,changing and open.Therefore,social relations should be a dialectical ontology,a historical ontology and a process ontology,with the generation and development characteristics of human history,and a relative ontological category implied in absoluteness.The fundamental reason for this result lies in Marx’s attitude towards Hegel.Marx did not disparage Hegel like a "dead dog",but inherited and developed the positive revolutionary side of Hegel’s philosophy,especially it is a transformation of idealistic dialectics from sublation to historical dialectics.On this basis,it applies philosophical criticism to the field of history,and then discovers the deep secret of the existence of capitalist society.At the philosophical level,it realizes the unity of ontology,epistemology and dialectics,and breaks the myths of the super perceptual world and the perceptual world with the dual approaches of philosophical criticism and political economic criticism,It has opened up a scientific communist road for people’s freedom,liberation and all-round development.Today,the material condition of social development has undergone earth shaking changes compared with that of Marx in the19 th century.But in essence,the "basic pattern" of human existence and development revealed by Marx at that time has not changed fundamentally.Marx’s theory is still applicable to analyzing the real existence of modern human beings and breaking through the development dilemma of modern society.