The History Of Distinguishing The Fake Bronzes In Shang And Zhou Dynasties

Bronze ware is a treasure of the Chinese nation and a national treasure with a long history.Especially the Shang and Zhou bronzes,their shape and ornamentations are of great cultural significance.Because of this value,Shang and Zhou bronze forgeries emerged one after another throughout ancient times.When the forgery is used as academic research materials,it will affect the research and draw wrong conclusions.The research on the discrimination of Shang and Zhou bronzes have achieved different degrees of research results in various historical stages,but there has been a lack of systematic collation of the history of the identification of Shang and Zhou bronzes.By combing the history of the discrimination of Shang and Zhou bronze artifacts,we can summarize the characteristics of Shang and Zhou bronze artifacts,the evolution process and development law of the differentiation of artifacts,and promote the development of the differentiation of bronze artifacts.The paper is divided into the following parts:The introduction part contains the reasons for the topic selection and the discrimination of the concepts of "bronze","imitatie","copy"," fake " and "discriminating forgery ".The present situation of the research on the distinguishing history of Shang and Zhou Bronzes and the research scope of this paper.The first chapter divides the research on the identification of Shang and Zhou bronzes before the Qing Dynasty into three stages: before the Song Dynasty,the Song Dynasty and the Yuan and Ming dynasties.The development trend of these three stages is as follows: before the Song Dynasty,there are few research results on the differentiation of Shang and Zhou bronzes.In Song Dynasty,the social value of Shang and Zhou bronzes increased,and the level of forgery and discrimination of Shang and Zhou bronzes reached the first historical peak,which fell back in Yuan and Ming dynasties.The second chapter introduces the research on the differentiation of the Shang and Zhou bronzes in the Qing Dynasty: There is the social background of the rising value of Ming bronze ware.The forgery of adding false inscriptions on true bronzes arose,forming four forgery regions of Weifang,Beijing,Xi ’an and Suzhou.According to the characteristics of artifacts,it can be divided into four periods: before Qianlong period,Jiaqing period,Daoguang Xianfeng period and Tongzhi Guangxu period.The communication of identification of bronzes in Shang and Zhou Dynasties was mainly carried by letter.There are some methods of forgery discrimination,such as inscriptions,objects and documents.The third chapter introduces the research on the forgery differentiation of Shang and Zhou bronzes in the Republic of China: continued the regional division of the production of artifacts in the Qing Dynasty,summarized the representative figures of each region and the new methods of the production of artifacts,and summarized the characteristics of more artifacts made in the Republic of China and the two levels of differentiation of artifacts.The theory of the identification system of Shang and Zhou bronzes was established in China,and the research abroad showed a development trend of rising first and then declining.The new methods of identification of Shang and Zhou bronzes produced in this period were introduced.The fourth chapter introduces the research on the forgery differentiation of Shang and Zhou bronzes from 1949 to 1980: domestic research situation needs to rise,while foreign research is too worried about the artifact.The talents of identification,restoration and reproduction of copper ware entered the national cultural and museum systems,which brought some new methods and new perspectives of the research of copper ware counterfeiting differentiation from the perspective of practice.In China,Cheung Kwong-yue’s Researches On Faked Inscribed Bronzes Of The Pre-Ch’i Period represented the maturity of the theoretical system of inscriptions differentiation on Shang and Zhou bronzes.Foreign research methods such as " constancy of character structure " appeared.Scientific and technological differentiation of bronze develop.The fifth chapter introduces the research on the differentiation and forgery of Shang and Zhou bronzes after 1980: under the social background that the state attached great importance to the development of bronze culture,the production of Shang and Zhou bronzes tended to combine traditional technology with modern technology.The domestic research on the forgery discrimination of Shang and Zhou bronzes pays attention to the inheritance and breakthrough of tradition,while the foreign forgery discrimination level is improved and the technology of science and technology forgery discrimination is advanced.The conclusion is divided into three parts: First,it summarizes the development course of the research on the identification and counterfeiting of Shang and Zhou bronzes;Second,the traditional method of bronzeware identification can be summarized into four methods: comparison method,self-comparison method,transposition method and reasoning method.Three,put forward the problems to be paid attention to in the study of the identification of bronzes: the identification of Shang and Zhou bronzes should be established on the basis of the comprehensive and reliable materials,to expand the thinking of the identification of Shang and Zhou bronzes,to use the method of "eye science" first,then science and technology.The appendix of this paper summarizes 921 representative Shang and Zhou bronzes with inscriptions that have been discussed in the literature at present,which are divided into Table 1: Fake Bronzes with inscriptions in Shang and Zhou Dynasties,Table 2: Suspicious Bronzes with Inscriptions in Shang and Zhou Dynasties,and Table3: Genuine Bronzes with inscriptions in Shang and Zhou Dynasties Mistaken for Forgeries.767 pieces are collected in Table 1,96 pieces are collected in Table 2,and 58 pieces are collected in Table 3.