Shang And Zhou Bronzes Research Haidai

This paper is mainly to carry a study on bronzes from Haidai region in Shang and Zhou from the following three levels. Firstly, from the material level, to establish Haidai bronzes’ development sequence and the framework of space systems, analyze the composition of Haidai bronze culture in Shang and Zhou dynasties. Secondly, from the social level to investigate the reasons which caused changes to the characteristics of the times, regional characteristics, gender characteristics, and the bronze cultural pattern in Haidai region. Thirdly, from the level of social system, ideology and customs, to explore the system of using bronzes in worship activities, how the objects are placed, and the different change order of system, thoughts and bronzes. The main findings and conclusions as following.Firstly, on the one hand, the evolution of Haidai bronzes in shapes, combination, ornamentation and inscriptions are mainly same with the bronzes in Central Plains, but on the other hand there were some difference between them. Essentially, they were basically belonging to Shang and Zhou’ritual vessels.Secondly, the stages of Haidai bronzes. Haidai bronzes in Shang and Zhou dynasties could be divided into five periods. According to the features of typical bronze of ding鼎, we summarized as below:cone tripod period, column tripod period, hoof foot and erecting ear Ding period, hoof foot and Affiliated ear Ding period and transition period for daily using. On the basis of it, we put out the the theory of medium-term qualitative change in Chinese bronze culture.Thirdly, the composition Haidai bronze culture. Haidai’s Bronze culture always been dominated by the bronze factors from the Central Plains. Since the beginning of the late Western Zhou Dynasty, local factors started to emerge, and reached to the peak in the late spring and Autumn period, and had affected on the surrounding area.Fourthly, From the late Western Zhou Dynasty, Haidai’s bronze culture began to diverge in east and southeast of Haidai region. Haidai region and the regional characteristics of Haidai bronzes emerge.Fifthly, the system of using bronzes in worship activities in Haidai region was same in most aspects and fifferent in some aspects with the Central Plains. It is worth notice that in most areas of Haidai area didn’t carried out the implementation of Ding-gui system, and Ding-gui system’collapse appeared earlier and faster than the Central Plains. In addition, we put forward the concept of "Jue-gu system", corresponding to the "Ding-gui system" of Zhou Dynasty on the basis of the combination of jue and gu.Sixthly, the difference of Haidai’s bronzes and tombs between male and female in late Shang Dynasty and early Western Zhou period was not very obvious in categories and quantity of bronzes, as it was in funerary weapons. Otherwise, the funerary objects in male’s tomb and female’s differed gradually, and till the Warring States period, gender characteristics were very clear.Seventhly, through the analysis of the the complexity of cultural factors of the bronze graves in southern Haidai, we think deem that the Haidai’s complex and diverse culture, which formed a fertile soil for cultural integration and development, is the key factor to Haidai’s cultural prosperity in the Eastern Zhou period.Eighthly, the new bronzewares and shapes created in Haidai region were an important contribution to Chinese bronze culture. These bronzes was not only large in quantity, but also has a great effect on the Central Plains and the surrounding areas, and formed a certain phenomenon "estern wares spreading to the west" It shows that in the Eastern Zhou period the cultural communication between the Central Plains and Haidai region was a two-way interaction. In the process of the formation of Chinese civilization, the nutrition from Haidai region was everfount.