| As an important part of modern Chinese newspapers,the national newspapers in Heilongjiang area are the cross cultural products of foreign colonial invasion and regional ethnic resistance.Since the emergence of Oriental News in the late Qing Dynasty opened the prelude to the establishment of national newspapers in Heilongjiang area,the national newspapers in Heilongjiang area had experienced the gradual rise in the early Republic of China,all-round development after the May 4th Movement,the rapid decline in the puppet Manchu period under constant oppression,and 214 kinds of newspapers were founded in 38 years.Although the start,orientation,operation,management,and other aspects were not identical in different periods,the national newspapers in Heilongjiang area had exerted an important influence on politics,economy,social culture and people’s thoughts of Heilongjiang area,and even Northeast Asia in each stage of its growth because it had the generality of strong communication function of Chinese traditional culture and function of foreign culture transformation.The dissertation is divided into five chapters with consideration of the diachronic clue of the development of newspapers and their value.The first chapter mainly discusses the founding background and issuing situation of national newspapers in Heilongjiang area in the late Qing Dynasty.Firstly,this dissertation analyzes the historical background of the emergence of national newspapers from the angle of the mutual relationship between the elements of the social system,and analyzes the influence of each promoting factor on national newspapers.For example,the construction of the Middle East Railway made Harbin,which had waterway shipping advantages,become a transportation hub with both land and water,and then rapidly rise and move toward modernization.Meanwhile the changes of the original cultural ecology,especially the influx of Russian newspapers,not only deepened the colonial rule but also aroused the awakening of the national consciousness of people with noble aspirations,and provided the cultural and ideological foundation for the establishment of national newspapers.Secondly,Oriental News,a private newspaper,created a pioneer of regional national newspapers,followed by Binjiang Daily and Eastern Bulletin,all adhering to the idea of resisting Russian newspapers and breaking the situation of Russian newspapers monopolizing regional public opinion discourses.Thirdly,Heilongjiang Bulletin and Heilongjiang Official Newspaper were established by the local authorities to implement the new policies of the late Qing Dynasty and guide public opinions.Although the subjective will of newspaper operators was weak and the mechanism of editing and issuing was rigid,national newspapers reflect official policies and local rule.In general,the issue of national newspapers during this period played a positive role in enlightening the local people’s wisdom.The second chapter mainly analyzes the reasons,process and historical status of national newspapers in Heilongjiang.After the establishment of the Republic of China,the upsurge of running newspapers all over the country and the plunder of foreign powers on a grand scale in Heilongjiang area greatly stimulated people’s enthusiasm for running newspapers to save the country.The development of new education expanded the potential audience for reading newspapers,and the improvement of urbanization level enhanced the urban residents’ demand for cultural information of newspapers.During this period,the government-run newspapers developed rapidly,when there were not only traditional comprehensive government newspapers but also a variety of professional newspapers.Privately-run newspapers not only increased in number and types,but also enriched in contents and flexible forms,which received good social response.Party and League newspapers,such as Ai Hei Bulletin and Edge Voice Newspaper,were also published during this period.Due to frequent geopolitical conflicts and diversified social and economic development,national newspapers in this period showed common characteristics,such as imbalance,enlightenment,innovation and vulnerability,but they still played a positive role in linking the preceding and the following.The third chapter,taking typical newspapers as an example,demonstrates the social conditions,the process and social influence of the prosperity and development of national newspapers in Heilongjiang from 1919 to 1931.During this period,Harbin became an international metropolis with a large number of foreigners,prosperous economy and diversified culture.The demand for information was unprecedented in Harbin,which gradually became the center of regional newspaper culture.At the same time,the spread of all kinds of patriotic thoughts in China and the progress of regional communication promoted the development and prosperity of national newspapers in Heilongjiang area.Government-run newspapers developed further,and railway newspapers and school newspapers were established continuously in this period.Privately-run newspapers were becoming more and more mature.They not only had a large number and complete types,but also had been operated for a long time and had a wide range of circulation.Meanwhile,the quality of newspaper contents had been greatly improved and there were a number of well-known regional newspapers.In particular,the dissertation mainly investigates the content and management of representative newspapers,The International and Harbin Times,and presents the development level of regional national newspapers.Due to the suppression of party activities by the Manchurian warlord,the publication of Party and League newspapers was greatly restricted during this period.The KMT only established a few newspapers,such as Civilian Weekly and National Bulletin,while the CPC carried out a series of newspaper activities,which played an important role in the propaganda and organization work.The fourth chapter mainly sorts out and researches on the difficult environment,changes of newspapers and newspaper men’s direction in Heilongjiang area during enemy occupation period.After the fall of Northeast China,the Japanese Puppet government took control of the news,carried out the news rectification,and produced the Heilongjiang People’s Daily Incident,which covered the ecological environment of the local newspapers under the white terror,and the national newspapers suffered from a heavy blow.Privately-run newspapers continued to decline and the few remaining gradually differentiated and veered.The orientation of newspaper men represented by Literature and Art in The International indicated the persistence and change of Heilongjiang national newspapers in different historical space,and reflected the reason and emotion of local newspaper men after the September 18 th Incident.During this period,the Communist Party of China not only continued to establish various anti-Japanese patriotic newspapers in the area,but also organized Party members to enter privately-run progressive newspapers and Japanese Puppet newspapers.The CCP adopted effective propaganda strategies to carry out propaganda and protest,and practiced the social responsibility of national newspapers.The fifth chapter expounds the historical function of national newspapers in Heilongjiang area on the basis of the above research.Based on the cohesion of Chinese national consciousness,the national newspapers in Heilongjiang area not only actively engaged in the debate with foreign newspapers,but also deeply concerned about the cultural infringement of the rights and interests of Chinese people by foreign powers.Therefore,they played a guiding role in the international geopolitical disputes.National newspapers provided multidimensional readers with a full range of political,economic,cultural and other real-time information.At the same time,these newspapers,which were loyal to the beginner’s mind,guided patriotic people to resist foreign goods and advocated domestic goods,and inspired businessmen to generate the consciousness of saving the country and flourishing the business with a large number of illustrated commercials or sharp current commentary,which led the protective development of local economy and economic modernization.Furthermore,national newspapers not only propagandized advanced scientific knowledge and technology,but also cultivated diversified art and culture.Meanwhile they also spread western life style and social concepts,which promoted the diversification of regional social culture.The national newspapers in Heilongjiang area had gone through the process of start-up and rise,and declined rapidly after mature development,showing the characteristics of late start,rapid development and obvious stages.In the development of the regional society,it not only strove for the control of the voice of national public opinions,but also guided the modernization of the regional economy and the diversification of social cultures.It also played an important role in the cohesion of national consciousness,reflecting the remarkable resistance.The distinctive national newspapers in Heilongjiang area are typical of the difference in the development of modern Chinese newspapers,which are supplementary and indispensable to modern Chinese newspapers. |
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