| Objective:Huangdi Neijing(hereafter referred to as Neijing)is the foundation of the theories of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),which has recorded abundant contents such as the theory of zang-xiang,the theory of meridians and collaterals,and the theory of diagnosis and treatment.As for syndrome-differentiation methods,syndrome differentiation of zang-fu organs and that of meridians are mainly applied in the period of Neijing.Because the five zang-organs are closely related to their corresponding meridians,the syndrome differentiation of meridians is often integrated into that of five zang-organs to form a new syndrome-differentiation method,namely syndrome differentiation of five zang-organs and meridians(SDFZOM).Although the contents related to SDFZOM in Neijing are scattered,unsystematic and distributed in different chapters,they still have a far-reaching impact on the later study of syndrome differentiation of zang-fu organs.Later TCM works were mostly inherited and developed the theory of SDFZOM on the basis of Neijing.Therefore,this thesis systematically summarizes the theory and application of SDFZOM in Neijing from four aspects: the basic theory of zang-xiang system,the correlation of five zang-organs and meridians,the theory of SDFZOM,and the examples for the application of SDFZOM,in order to provide academic values for the study of syndrome differentiation of zang-fu organs in later generations.Methods and Contents :With the help of philology,hermeneutics,linguistics and other research methods from the humanities,this thesis collects the original texts of Neijing that are related to the five zang-organs and meridians,and classifies them according to the theoretical basis,syndrome-differentiation theories,and examples for application.The main content is divided into five parts:The first part is the basic theory of zang-xiang system.Under the guidance of the holism of TCM,based on the original texts of Neijing,and starting from the formation of zang-xiang theory,and the holism of four seasons,five zang-organs and yin-yang,the five functional systems centered on the five zang-organs will be sorted out and summarized as the theoretical basis of SDFZOM.The second part is the theoretical study of the correlation of five zang-organs and meridians.This part will collect and analyze the original texts related to the five zang-organs and meridians in Neijing.From the perspective of literature research,it will explain how the five zang-organs and meridians are related,so as to provide academic values for the later theoretical study of the correlation of meridians and zang-fu organs.The third part is the theory of SDFZOM,which will classify the original texts into the syndrome-differentiation theory of liver-meridian,that of heart-meridian,that of spleen-meridian,that of lung-meridian,and that of kidney-meridian.Each zang-organ is further classified according to etiological factors and pathogenesis,pulse diagnosis and pulse conditions,excess syndrome,deficiency syndrome,heat syndrome,cold syndrome,meridian syndrome,collateral syndrome,and others.Besides,this part will refer to the annotators’ explanations on Neijing,interpret and analyze each paragraph of the original text,summarize syndrome features of each zang-organ,and compare the similarities and differences among syndromes.The fourth part is examples for the application of SDFZOM.This part will pick out the the representative diseases and syndromes that take SDFZOM as the main syndrome-differentiation method from the original texts of Neijing,and interpret in detail the etiological factors,pathogenesis and syndrome differentiation,so as to summarize the characteristics of SDFZOM.Finally,by combining the literature of later generations,this part will summarize the influence of SDFZOM on later generations.The fifth part is the inheritance and development of SDFZOM of Neijing.The representative works related to the development of SDFZOM are consulted and carefully studied,such as Zhongzang Jing,Mai Jing,Beiji Qianjin Yao Fang,Xiaoer Yaozheng Zhi Jue,Yixue Qiyuan,Zangfu Biaoben Hanre Xushi Yongyao Shi,and Xuezheng Lun.Then,this part will compare the related contents of these works with those of Neijing,and conclude the features of SDFZOM of each work,so that modern scholars can clearly understand the development of SDFZOM.Finally,the contents of syndrome differentiation of zang-fu organs in modern diagnostics of TCM will be compared with those of SDFZOM in the period of Neijing,and how the former is inherited and developed will be analyzed in combination with the actual situations.Conclusion: 1.The theory of zang-xiang is a study of the five major functional systems centered on the five zang-organs.Its formation is mainly related to the following factors: the accumulation of ancient anatomical knowledge,the long-term life observation and medical practice,the influence of ancient philosophy and culture,and the influence of natural science knowledge.In addition,the xiang-thinking also has a profound impact on the formation of the theory of zang-xiang.Many chapters in Neijing use the model of ‘four seasons,five zang-organs and yin-yang’ to link the five zang-organs,five body constituents,five sense organs and other zang-fu organs of the human body with the five elements,five seasons,five directions,five colors,five flavors and other natural material phenomena to form five functional systems centered on the five zang-organs,which is the theoretical basis of SDFZOM.2.The theory of the correlation of five zang-organs and meridians in Neijing is mainly manifested in the following three aspects.Firstly,the pulse-taking diagnostic method of three regions and their nine subdivisions examines the diseases of five zang-organs through the acupoints of yin-meridian(cunkou),with Jingqu(LU8)corresponding to the lungs,Shenmen(HT7)corresponding to the heart,Taichong(LR3)corresponding to the liver,Taixi(KI3)corresponding to the kidneys,and Chongyang(ST42)corresponding to the spleen and stomach.It is the bridge of the correlation of five zang-organs and meridians.Secondly,yuan-points can be used to diagnose the diseases of five zang-organs by the methods of inspecting,palpating,and pulse-taking,whose diagnostic position is highly coincident with the pulse-taking position in the diagnostic method of three regions and their nine subdivisions when examining the diseases of five zang-organs.They are important pivots of the correlation of five zang-organs and meridians.In addition,the consistency between the five zang-organs and their corresponding meridian syndromes is also relatively high.3.The syndromes of deficiency,excess,cold and heat of the five zang-organs in Neijing is mainly manifested as a series of symptoms caused by the dysfunction of the five zang-organs or the dysfunction of the meridians corresponding to the five zang-organs.At the same time,under the guidance of the theory of yin-yang and five elements,these syndromes will also be accompanied by a series of symptoms caused by the dysfunction of the fu-organs that are consistent with the zang-organs,or the zang or fu organs that have the generating-controlling relationships with the zang-organs,as well as by the dysfunction of the meridians that have the generating-controlling relationships with the exterior,interior and original meridians.Meridian syndromes mainly include Shidong diseases and Suosheng diseases,the former of which mainly comes from the syndromes of pulse diagnosis with the main clinical manifestations being included in the main syndromes of meridian acupoints,while the latter of which is mainly manifested as abnormalities in the circulation of meridians.Collateral syndrome is mainly manifested as the abnormality in circulation parts.4.The application of SDFZOM in Neijing is mainly reflected in the syndrome classification based on the five zang-organs,such as five zang-organ cough,as well as five zang-organ diseases with the same etiological factors,such as five zang-organ wind,five zang-organ obstruction,five zang-organ distension,five body-constituent flaccidity,and five zang-organ malaria.Syndrome differentiation itself is not a theory,but the application of theory.The key to studying syndrome-differentiation methods is to clarify the idea of accurately identifying syndrome types according to syndrome manifestations,and to consider the basis of syndrome differentiation in detail.Through the analysis of the syndromes of five zang-organ cough,five zang-organ wind,five zang-organ obstruction,five zang-organ distension,five body-constituent flaccidity,and five zang-organ malaria,it can be found that the characteristics of SDFZOM are based on the syndrome of five zang-organs,the syndrome of five zang-organs corresponding with five fu-organs,the syndrome of meridians corresponding to the five zang-organs,and the syndrome of the exterior and interior meridians.5.The syndrome differentiation of zang-fu organs originated from Neijing,and Zhongzang Jing established the syndrome differentiation system of deficiency,excess,cold,and heat,which marked the initial formation of the syndrome differentiation system of zang-fu organs.Mai Jing took the pulse as the outline to divide the physiology and pathology of the zang-fu organs,and summarized the diseases and syndromes of the zang-fu organs and meridians,making the syndrome differentiation of zang-fu organs more systematic and perfect.Beiji Qianjin Yao Fang supplemented the content of prescription and syndrome,and changed the syndrome differentiation of zang-fu organs to the syndrome treatment of zang-fu organs,which was the second systematic summary of the syndrome differentiation of zang-fu organs.Xiaoer Yaozheng Zhi Jue established the reinforcing and reducing prescriptions of the five zang-organs,and improved the syndrome differentiation system of zang-fu organs.Yixue Qiyuan and Zangfu Biaoben Hanre Xushi Yongyao Shi,both written by Zhang Yuan-su,formed a complete theoretical system of zang-fu syndrome differentiation,which was the third systematic summary of the syndrome differentiation of zang-fu organs.Xuezheng Lun refined the pathogenesis of zang-fu organs.The syndrome differentiation of zang-fu organs in modern diagnostics of TCM is separated from the syndrome differentiation of zang-fu organs and meridians,which is more refined and specific,and has more and more syndrome types.Innovation points : 1.Starting from the original texts of Neijing,this thesis has reinterpreted the relevant theories of the ‘five zang-organs and meridians’ from three aspects: the pulse-taking diagnostic method of three regions and their nine subdivisions,the yuan-acupoints,and the five zang-organ syndromes and corresponding meridian syndromes,as the literature support of the relevant theories of ‘five zang-organs and meridians’.2.Starting from the original texts of Neijing,and based on the relevant theories of the ‘five zang-organs and meridians’,this thesis has combined the syndrome differentiation of five zang-organs with that of their corresponding meridians,has systematically sorted out the theory of SDFZOM in Neijing from the aspects of the etiological factors and pathogenesis of five zang-organ diseases,pulse diagnosis of five zang-organs,pulse conditions,syndromes of excess and deficiency,syndromes of heat and cold,meridian syndrome,collateral syndrome,prognosis,reinforcing and reducing,and others,and has finally analyzed and compared these syndromes to summarize their similarities and differences.3.This thesis has collected the typical syndromes of SDFZOM in Neijing,and taken five zang-organ cough,five zang-organ wind,five zang-organ obstruction,five zang-organ distension,five body-constituent flaccidity,and five zang-organ malaria as examples to examine the differentiation evidences of the syndromes,and conclude the characteristics of SDFZOM of Neijing. |
