| Small-scale fishery generally refers to fishing in coastal waters with or without small fishing vessels,and the degree of mechanization is relatively lower.It has made outstanding and immeasurable contributions to global hunger eradication,poverty reduction,fairness and development,etc.With the demand of social and economic development,coastal area have been occupied and polluted by human activities,resulting in the decline of marine quality and the reduction of marine fishery resources,which has increasingly restricted the survival and development space of the originally fragile small-scale fishers,and the conflict between scattered small-and large-scale fisheries and the competition with other industries are still intensifying.In China,small-scale fisheries play an important role in the supply of aquatic products,promoting employment and maintaining stable development of social economy.For a long time,China’s management mode based on input control has led managers,law enforcers and researchers to have very limited understanding of the characteristics of small-scale fisheries,and their research on management strategies is scarce.Since the1980 s,the measures to reduce the fishing capacity by continuously reducing and controlling the input factors such as vessels,nets and fishing hours of small-scale fisheries have not only failed to alleviate the decline of coastal fishery resources,but have led to the constant challenges to the resources and environment on which small-scale fisheries have long depended.Therefore,how to put forward small-scale fisheries management strategies different from medium-and large-scale,protect the legitimate rights and interests of small-scale fishers and promote the sustainable development of small-scale fisheries has become the key issue of small-scale fisheries management in China.Under this background,this paper aims to find the difference characteristics of small-scale fisheries,evaluate the shortcomings of the current management system,explore the better way to manage small-scale fisheries,and provide decision-making reference for rationally adjusting the coastal fishery structure of China.This study will promote the realization of high-quality fisheries development goals,enhance the government’s governance capacity,and helping rural revitalization strategies.This paper discusses the governance mode of small-scale fisheries different from medium and large-scale fisheries as the main line throughout the whole paper,and applies the‘interactive governance’,‘sustainable development’,‘common pool resource’ and ‘community governance’as the theoretical framework of this paper.First of all,the research proposition puts forward that the complexity and particularity of small-scale fisheries determine that it is necessary to adopt different governance scheme from those of medium and large-scale fisheries.Then,it analyzes the necessity of differential governance,and compares the small-scale fisheries governance systems of foreign countries and China.At last,the necessity,application background,conditions and applicability of introducing fishery water right system in China are put forward.The main research methods used in this study are literature research,typical case analysis,mathematical statistical analysis,questionnaire survey,semi-structured interview,etc.The main data sources are: nearly 300 related literature at home and abroad;217 questionnaires,87 interviews and 5 seminars;Laws and policies related to small-scale fisheries at the central,provincial,municipal and county levels and fishery statistical yearbooks over the years,etc.This paper studies five aspects.Firstly,it is the international progress and theoretical basis of small-scale fishery governance research.This paper reviews the international process of Small-scale fishery governance,including the legal documents and guiding international documents formulated by international organizations such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,and the relevant theoretical sources and latest progress of small-scale fishery governance at inland and outland.The second,the comparison and selection of theories and governance models related to small-scale fishery governance.According to the theoretical basis of governance,the main theories and governance models applied in small-scale fisheries governance in developed and developing countries are sorted out,and the advantages and disadvantages of different models are compared.Select the interactive governance model that meets the national conditions of China and current governance needs for in-depth research.The third part,the dilemma of small-scale fishery management in China and the analysis of its causes.The present situation of small-scale fishery along the coast of China was analyzed comprehensively.Through literature review and case investigation,this paper analyzes the present situation and main problems of China’s coastal small-scale fisheries,sorts out and analyzes the current national and local coastal small-scale fisheries management systems,and points out the specific problems that need to be solved urgently in China’s coastal small-scale fisheries management by combining the undifferentiated management mode and extensive fishery development mode.Fourthly,we can learn from foreign experience in small-scale fisheries management.Select countries with the rich practice of interactive governance model,and through comparative analysis of several cases,summarize the policy background,applicable scope,resources and actor characteristics of the application of interactive governance.At the same time,select the cases of governance failure,make a negative comparisons and demonstration,learn the successful experience and lessons,and abandon the factors leading to governance failure.On this basis,the feasibility of introducing an interactive governance model in typical areas of China and the necessary conditions for constructing an interactive governance model for small-scale fisheries in China were analyzed.Fifthly,the selection and construction of the management mode of small-scale fishery in China.On the basis of foreign beneficial governance experience,combined with China’s national conditions,and according to different situations(including resource conditions,social and economic conditions,local government’s degree of democracy and development goals,roles and functions of different stakeholders,etc.),this paper puts forward an interactive governance model suitable for the actual situation of China’s small-scale fisheries,and builds a governance action framework with governance subject,object,model and structure as its content.The main conclusions of this paper are as follows: First,the complexity and difference of small-scale fisheries are the comprehensive embodiment of their physical characteristics and socio-economic characteristics,among which the difference of socio-economic characteristics among regions is an important factor for the difference of small-scale fisheries.The characteristics of small-scale fisheries in China can not be described only by the captain or power,but should be defined by 16 indicators including physical and socio-economic characteristics.Secondly,the characteristics,contribution to society and problems faced by small-scale fisheries are different from those of medium-and large-scale fisheries.Local governments at all levels should take into account regional fishery resources and fishermen’s dependence on small-scale fisheries,age structure and income level in accordance with the newly promulgated Regulations on the Administration of Fishing Permits in 2019,and adopt targeted governance programs.The difference management plan should not only be different from medium and large-scale fisheries,but also reflect regional characteristics.Third,China’s current investment control can’t effectively manage small-scale fisheries,and the investment control is implemented from top to bottom by the government through command and control,resulting in high government supervision cost and lagging response;And output control needs sufficient scientific data as decision support.Therefore,this paper puts forward the cooperative governance model as a supplement to the original top-down hierarchical governance model,that is,the interactive model combining hierarchical governance and cooperative governance.In the construction of interactive governance model,it is necessary to take the right to use fishery waters as the concrete realization path of interactive governance model and as the basis of input control to improve the governance effect;Fourthly,the organization construction of small-scale fishing grounds is the cornerstone of the interactive governance mode.In the construction of this governance model,grass-roots fishery organizations play a fundamental role in the distribution of rights,management of fishermen and sales of catches.In this paper,the governments below the county level should establish a governance structure with the party organization as the center and small fishery associations as the unit,and absorb other fishery-related social groups and other multi-subjects to participate in it,so as to form a differentiated governance structure different from other fishery types.The theoretical value of this paper mainly lies in expounding the inevitability of differentiated management of small-scale fisheries,demonstrating the conclusion that differentiated management must be solved through interactive management theory,and the fundamental conditions and concrete realization forms of constructing the interactive management mode.Its value lies in the empirical analysis of the characteristics of small-scale fisheries in different areas of China,as well as the critical analysis of the relevant policies and management systems of the local government,so as to put forward the governance plan that is in line with the local small-scale fisheries.The contribution of this paper to the research and development of small-scale fisheries is that it puts forward the judgment basis to define the characteristics of small-scale fisheries in China,systematically introducing the interactive governance mode,and provides theoretical basis and constructive implementation plan for the differential governance of small-scale fisheries. |
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