Study On The Door And Window Patterns Of Traditional Houses In Yanbei District Of Shanxi Province

Yanbei area in Shanxi is the regional space in Shanxi to the north of the inner Great Wall and the south of the outer Great Wall where Yanmen Pass and pass were built in the Ming Dynasty.In terms of current administrative divisions,the Yanbei area in Shanxi Province is under the jurisdiction of two cities,Datong and Shuozhou.The Yanbei region is located at the northern end of Shanxi Province,at the junction of Shanxi,Hebei,and Inner Mongolia provinces(autonomous regions),with frequent cultural exchanges between regions.Through literature review,the paper summarizes the research on the division of settlements and residential buildings in Shanxi,and finds that the research on the areas north of Yanmen Pass,Sanggan River basin and"Hengshan Taihang Mountains"(恒山-太行山脉)is relatively weak,and the research on the cultural characteristics of residential buildings in northern Shanxi is relatively insufficient.The research on residential zoning in Shanxi Province tends to be based on the"hard boundary"of administrative districts,but it is not possible to comprehensively understand the spatial process of the transformation of local characteristics of regional residential architecture and art.Based on the Field research of villages and folk houses,and the important architectural history and art pattern information carried on the traditional folk houses,the paper summarizes the artistic characteristics of regional folk houses.By referring to the concept and method of"Standard Type"(标型器)in the study of Archaeological culture types,the paper proposes that the doors and windows of traditional residential buildings are"Standard Type"that can explain the spatial distribution characteristics of regional residential architecture art,and the door and window patterns are an important carrier of local architectural art and culture.Through the induction,sorting,and summary of door and window patterns,we gradually explore and partially present the regional distribution characteristics of door and window patterns in regional residential buildings,and further explain the regional changes in the artistic characteristics of regional residential buildings.The paper is divided into chapters based on the regional characteristics of door and window patterns,and analyzes and discusses door and window patterns according to"commonality"and"variability".The commonality of door and window patterns is a common expression of regional residential art,presenting a regional characteristic of"wide distribution and small concentration";The variability of door and window patterns is based on commonality as the"background color",and the regional characteristics of popular changes in door and window patterns gradually appear in the eastern region of Yanbei.The paper summarizes the phenomenon of changes in the artistic style of folk houses with door and window patterns that occurred in the Yanbei region as the"Yan-Dai Region Change"(雁代之变),in order to summarize the characteristics of changes in the artistic style of folk houses in the northern Jin Hebei region.The"Yan-Dai Region Change"is a regional change characteristic of residential art caused by the overlapping expression of commonality and variability.Yanbei dwellings are rooted in the population and geography of Shanxi Province.During the Hongwu to Jiajing periods of the Ming Dynasty(1368-1566),a large number of people and military camps migrated to this area.In the mid to late Qing Dynasty,due to immigration,people from Yanbei and northwestern Shanxi migrated to the central and southern regions of Inner Mongolia.From the Yanbei region to the central and southern regions of Inner Mongolia,the flow of population and residential art is clear.However,the regions of Shanxi and Hebei provinces have been forming and developing their own cultures for a long time,making the spatial changes in regional residential architectural art more complex."Yan-Dai Region Change"is a regional conclusion of observing the art of folk houses in Sanggan River basin and the characteristics of folk houses in western Beijing from west to east.It is not only the trend and spatial distribution characteristics of regional folk houses,but also the artistic characteristics of folk houses in northern Shanxi and Hebei.Chapter 1,Introduction.Introducing the research background of the paper,and preserving and recording the art of regional residential doors and windows in the research can be seen as the "cultural genes" of analyzing residential buildings.Therefore,it is important to summarize the spatial distribution characteristics of regional residential architectural art presented through door and window patterns in the paper’s research.Focusing on rural local research in Chinese provinces,domestic research is more comprehensive and in-depth.In the research of Shanxi Province,the research on residential buildings in northern Shanxi has been relatively weak compared to the central and southern regions of Shanxi.Although the study of the Great Wall settlement in Datong Town during the Ming Dynasty in the Yanbei region is a hot topic,it cannot fully represent the artistic style of the local residences.So in the literature review,from the lack to inspiration,the research on the door and window patterns of folk houses in the Yanbei area in the paper is an important supplement to the research on folk houses in northern Shanxi.The sample selection of the surveyed houses in the paper is based on the historical buildings and regional historical and cultural blocks,towns,and villages of Shanxi Province’s "Third National Cultural Relics Census"(2007-2011),and the survey sample selection is universal and representative.The main purpose of the Technology roadmap used is to analyze the spatial change and distribution of regional folk house door and window pattern art,so local characteristics are combed through "commonality" and "variability".Chapter 2,Analysis of the Door and Window Styles of Traditional Folk Houses in Yanbei.Both 2D and 3D door and window patterns are "attached" to brick and wood hardware.To study door and window patterns,it is necessary to sort out and analyze their own dependent door and window styles,in order to comprehensively understand the existing environment of the patterns in the settlements and residential areas where the door and window patterns are located.The paper lists the types of doors and windows in regional residential areas.According to the spatial order of buildings in the Yanbei area,the types of styles are described from "outside" to "inside";The style types of windows mainly emphasize the style types of exterior finish work.The layout of residential houses affects the spatial arrangement of windows and windows,and the "concave" shaped layout in the eastern region of Yanbei well demonstrates the variability of local features,resulting in window features;The different structures of the gate frame provide different spaces for the decorative patterns on the door,and the application of "auxiliary purlins" is also an important feature of the variability of regional residential buildings.The variability of the facade and plane of each style of doors and windows is also an important factor in the emergence of different local residential cultures.Chapter 3 analyzes the Areal feature of residential buildings based on door and window patterns.This chapter is the theoretical construction part of the research ideas and methods of the paper.The paper believes that the method of "typology" in archaeology to analyze the regional distribution of Archaeological culture is worthy of being used for reference by the research of residential architecture art.The article believes that the patterns of doors and windows of folk houses become the "Standard Type" for analyzing the Areal feature of folk house architectural art because of their attribute characteristics of "easy replacement and plastic modeling".Through sorting and summarizing,the formation factors of regional residential art and the interpretation and interpretation of doors and windows as "Standard Type" were summarized.Finally,according to the Field research,the paper summarizes the points that should be paid attention to in the residential doors and windows in Yanbei area,which is a guide for the subsequent chapters of the paper to present the door and window patterns of the Field research.This chapter is also the chapter explained by the paper about the content of theoretical innovation.Chapter 4 "the regional common expression of Yanbei folk house door and window patterns" and Chapter 5 "the expression of the changing characteristics of Yanbei folk house door and window patterns" are juxtaposed in the overall logical structure of the paper.They are also detailed chapters that directly present the results of Field research and comb and analyze the pattern distribution characteristics.The commonality and variability are the analytical basis for the regional distribution characteristics of residential pattern art.Chapter 4summarizes the regional popular characteristics of "small concentration and wide distribution" by sorting out the carved patterns of Beam,beam head wood carving,architrave wood carving,window patterns.This distribution pattern is an architectural interpretation of the common cultural background of Yanbei dwellings.The fifth chapter analyzes the regional spatial distribution of Lotus leaf shaped short column,Beam head attachment,Chuihua columns,Sparrow Brace,Decorative Cylinder,Door hardware,Winter hanging curtain door,all of which show significant changes in popular space.This provides important historical material support for the "Yan Dynasty Change" in the artistic characteristics of Yanbei District residential buildings proposed in the end of the article.Chapter 6: Regional Characteristics of Door and Window Patterns in Yanbei Folk Houses.The presentation of door and window patterns through "commonality" and "variability" is the chapter that summarizes the artistic characteristics of residential architecture in the area of door and window patterns.The paper believes that the art of door and window patterns of folk houses in Yanbei area of Shanxi has the characteristics of division of "Outer Great Wall-Sanggan River" and "Yinshan-Hengshan-Taihang".Based on this analysis,it can be concluded that there has been a change in the decoration culture of residential buildings in the eastern part of Yanbei region towards Hebei,which is referred to in the paper as the "Yan-Dai Region Change".This style change in architectural art was completed in the northwest of Hebei and continued to the west of the western mountain range in Beijing.