| In the ancient civilization of China for thousands of years,agriculture is the primary mode of production.The social and cultural forms of ancient China developed and formed on this basis;the royal gardens,as a critical material reflection of ancient politics,economy,and society,the pastoral landscape bred from farming production has always been essential in the construction and development of royal gardens.In the last prosperous period of ancient feudal society,the construction of royal gardens in the Qing Dynasty also reached its peak.The Three Hill and Five Gardens,composed of five famous royal gardens,Xiangshan Jing-Yi Garden,Yuquan Mountain Jing-Ming Garden,Longevity Mountain Summer Palace(formerly known as "Qing-Yi Garden"),Yuan-Ming Yuan Imperial Garden,and Chang-Chun Garden,are representative of the achievements of Qing Dynasty royal garden,and its rich and diverse pastoral landscape is also the pinnacle of the ancient royal pastoral landscape.However,in the late Qing Dynasty,foreign enemies invaded the western suburbs of Beijing,and the Three Hill and Five Gardens were looted.The pastoral landscape area became the most dilapidated area of the Three Hill and Five Gardens.Its historical appearance became unknown,while the historical and artistic value also long been neglected by scholars.Therefore,this paper combines historical data research and site investigation to conduct a special study on the pastoral landscape in the Three Hill and Five Gardens in the Qing Dynasty,explores its construction background from the perspective of landscape architecture,restores its typical cases,analyzes its specific landscaping techniques,and summarizes its typical landscaping techniques,outlines its overall gardening principles,and explores its management and operation methods,to clarify the thematic landscape design experience,the artistic value of the garden and the historical and cultural value of the pastoral landscape in the Three Hill and Five Gardens of Qing Dynasty.The content of this article consists of three parts and ten chapters,and carried out the following studies:The first part is to study the historical origin and construction background of the pastoral landscape in the Three Hills and Five Gardens of the Qing Dynasty.First of all,it sorts out the production,development,and evolution of pastoral landscapes in ancient Chinese royal gardens,analyzes its development laws and artistic characteristics in various historical periods,and explores the historical origin of pastoral landscapes in the Three Hills and Five Gardens.Next,studied the development of the rural background in the western suburbs of Beijing and its impact on the local royal gardening activities;analyzed the functional structure of the royal garden system of the Three Hills and Five Gardens and the vital role that the pastoral landscape played in it;clarified the situation of agricultural resources in the Three Hills and Five Gardens area and its influence on the pastoral landscape construction in the garden.In the second part,the pastoral scenic spots in the Three Hills and Five Gardens of the Qing Dynasty were screened and classified,and typical scenic spots were restored and landscape researched.First,according to the characteristic classification framework of pastoral scenic spots,the pastoral theme landscape areas(i.e.,scenic pastoral sites)inside the Three Hills and Five Gardens were screened and classified,and three scenic spots,namely Ruofanzhi Pavilion,Beiyuan Mountain Village,and Danbo Tranquility,were selected for in-depth research according to the typical gardening techniques.Then,through the textual research of first-hand historical materials and the investigation of the site situation,the restoration and speculation of the general layout of the gardens of the typical scenic spots in each period of the Qing Dynasty,and the analysis of the historical reasons for their reconstruction and changes.Afterward,detailed restoration was carried out for the garden scenes in the peak period of typical scenic spots,including a series of flat,elevation and bird’s eye views,renderings showing landscape structure,garden buildings,plant arrangements,as well as specific garden building scale and plant species information based on research.Finally,according to the restoration results of completed typical cases,analyze and explore its gardening creativity,and clarify its specific landscaping theme,artistic conception,and characteristic landscaping techniques.The third part is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of all the pastoral scenic spots in the Three Hills and Five Gardens of the Qing Dynasty,summarize its landscaping principles,and explore its tourism and business activities.Specifically,starting from the five aspects of construction conception,location selection,landscape arrangement,construction management,and plant landscaping,the basic methods and fundamental laws of pastoral landscaping in the Three Hills and Five Gardens were analyzed and summarized;By analyzing the crop viewing activities,agricultural sacrifices rites,and management structure of the Qing Dynasty emperors in the Three Hills and Five Gardens,the structure of the borrowed scenery system and the operation management mechanism of the pastoral scenic spots in the Three Hill and Five Gardens were clarified and revealed the planning experience and supporting system behind the pastoral landscape in the Three Hills and Five Gardens.Based on the above research,this article draws the following conclusions: First,the pastoral landscape in the Three Hills and Five Gardens of the Qing Dynasty inherited the pastoral landscape planning and design techniques of the previous royal gardens,and on this basis,refined and systematic innovations were completed and reached a new height of development.Second,the vast emperor’s private agricultural zone in the Three Hills and Five Gardens area in the Qing Dynasty provided a favorable construction foundation and scenic resources for the rural landscape of the Five Gardens with a more profound cultural connotation.Third,there are 15 pastoral scenic spots in the Three Hills and Five Gardens,which have the characteristics of "inclusiveness,Great art conceals itself" garden art.Fourth,it emphasizes that the organization and layout of landscape elements for borrowed scenery,the creation of collage creation techniques that integrate freehand brushwork,and the creative orientation focusing on the overall planning and cultural connotation of the whole garden are the three primary characteristics of the pastoral landscape in the Three Hills and Five Gardens.Fifth,the pastoral landscapes in the Three Hills and Five Gardens met the core demands of the Qing emperors for "garden residence" and "governance." They supported the continuous operation of the Three Hills and Five Gardens systems,which have exceptional historical functional value.The innovations of this paper are as follows.First,the innovation of research perspectives.Carry out special researches on the pastoral landscape of Qing Dynasty royal gardens from the perspective of landscape architecture,systematically explore the critical role played by the pastoral landscape in the royal garden system of the Three Hills and Five Gardens,improve the historical cognition of the Three Hills and Five Gardens,and provided new theory and inspiration for the research on the history of royal gardens.Second,innovation in the use of data.Based on many newly released style house drawings and models in the past five years,combined with cross-analysis of site surveys and sufficient research evidence to ensure the authenticity and credibility of the research results.Third,the innovation of research results.A detailed historical restoration study was carried out on typical pastoral scenic spots with unclear historical original appearance.The restoration results can partially make up for the shortcomings of the current restoration research results of the Three Hills and Five Gardens and can effectively guide the protection,restoration,and reconstruction of related historical gardens. |
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