| Green is the background color of nature,and the ecological environment concerns the future of the nation and the well-being of the people.The report of the 20 th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out that: “we must firmly establish and practice the idea that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets,and plan its development in the context of promoting harmonious co-existence between man and nature.” At the present stage,it is of great significance to pursue green development,jointly construct ecological civilization and promote harmony between humanity and nature.China is the largest aquaculture producer in the world,with aquaculture products accounting for more than 60 percent of the world’s total aquaculture production.The aquaculture industry has made great contributions to ensuring food security,especially providing high-quality protein,promoting the prosperity of the fishery industry and the livelihood of fishermen.However,with the rapid expansion of aquaculture,the phenomenon of ecological environment destruction and development imbalance has become increasingly prominent.Under this background,how to accelerate the green development of aquaculture has become an important topic concerned by academia and decision-making departments.Both the 19 th and 20 th National Congresses of the Communist Party of China has put forward the requirement of raising total factor productivity.Green Total factor productivity(GTFP)includes resources and environment and other factors into the traditional analysis framework of total factor productivity,reflecting the sources of economic growth other than labor,capital and environment.It is a new total factor productivity that conforms to the requirements of ecological civilization and reflects the concept of green development,and is regarded as an important index to measure the level of green development by the academia.What does GTFP mean for aquaculture?What are the spatial-temporal evolution characteristics of GTFP of aquaculture in China? What are the key influencing factors? What should be done to improve the aquaculture GTFP? It is of great theoretical and practical significance to explore the above problems in identifying the driving source and regional differences of the green development of aquaculture,perfecting the theory of green development of aquaculture and exploring the road of green development of aquaculture.Previous studies at home and abroad have made beneficial exploration of GTFP in aquaculture,but there is still room for further deepening.Firstly,the analysis framework needs to be improved.Previous analytical frameworks for GTFP of aquaculture only consider economic output but ignore ecological output in the expected output,and only consider pollutant production but ignore carbon emission in the non-expected output.Secondly,the research content needs to be expanded.On the one hand,domestic and foreign scholars did a lot of researches on mariculture,but they have not paid enough attention to the GTFP of freshwater aquaculture,which needs to be further improved.On the other hand,previous researches focus on the estimation of GTFP in aquaculture,but there is relatively little research on its spatial-temporal evolution characteristics and spatial effects.Thirdly,the research methods need to be improved.The radial model represented by CCR and BCC and the non-radial model represented by SBM are mostly used in previous studies.However,the radial model requires that the input and output increase in the same proportion,which deviates from the actual situation;The non-radial SBM model is faced with the problems that the measurement results cannot be compared across periods and that the effective decision-making units cannot be effectively compared and ranked.Based on this,in accordance with the idea of “question raising,problem analyzing and problem solving”,and on the basis of green development theory,economic growth and productivity theory,balanced and unbalanced development theory,economic convergence theory,spatial autocorrelation theory,the overall framework of the study on spatial-temporal evolution and influencing factors of GTFP of aquaculture was constructed.Taking the provincial panel data of China from 2006 to 2021 as samples,the relevant issues of GTFP of aquaculture in China were systematically analyzed to provide theoretical basis and empirical support for promoting the green development of aquaculture in China.The possible contribution of this study is: first,improve the analytical framework.The theoretical analysis framework of GTFP integrated with“resource input,economic growth and environmental effect” was constructed,which clearly described the relationship between aquaculture economy,resource constraints and environmental capacity,and provided a systematic and scientific analysis framework for the quantitative study of aquaculture GTFP under resource and environmental constraints.Second,expand the research content.In view of the differences between freshwater aquaculture and mariculture,this study conducted theoretical analysis and empirical research on the spatial-temporal evolution and influencing factors of GTFP in aquaculture from both freshwater and seawater aspects,in order to clarify the development context and spatial pattern.Third,improve research methods.The global Super-SBM model can solve the problems that the calculation results of the traditional DEA model cannot be compared between different periods and the effective decision units cannot be compared and sorted,and can make up for the shortcomings of the traditional radial and non-radial models.Therefore,this paper adopts this method for calculation,analyzed the spatial-temporal evolution characteristics combined with GML index and Dagum Gini coefficient,and explored its influencing factors with the help of spatial econometric model.The contents and conclusions of each part were as follows:(1)Policy evolution and practical basis of green development of aquacultureOn the basis of combining policies,regulations,statistical data and research literatures,the policy evolution and practical basis of green development of aquaculture in China were summarized.The results showed that: firstly,China’s aquaculture has shifted from the early emphasis on “development” to the pursuit of “green” and“development” coordination and mutual promotion.In the process of aquaculture development,the structural imbalance between supply and demand and the problems of resources and environment have become increasingly prominent.In order to promote the transformation and upgrading of aquaculture,China has issued a series of policy documents to guide the aquaculture from focusing on factor input to accelerating technological progress and improving total factor productivity,from focusing on economic growth to the synergy and mutual promotion of “green” and “development”,and to accelerate the promotion of green development.Secondly,the development of China’s aquaculture presents the characteristics of resource input adjustment,output structure change and environmental constraints tightening.The adjustment of resource input mainly showed that the number of aquaculture professionals increased first and then decreased,the aquaculture area decreased and the aquaculture waters gradually adjusted.The change of output structure mainly showed that the proportion of aquaculture output value increased and the growth trend of aquaculture output was strong.The economic growth of aquaculture showed obvious regional differences.The aquaculture products were mainly fish and shellfish and the supply structure was constantly improved.The tightening of environmental constraints was mainly manifested as unreasonable distribution of aquaculture industry,serious occupation of production space,insufficient supply of high-quality aquatic products,large but not strong industry,and serious fishery disaster.At present,speeding up the green development of aquaculture is not only an important measure to implement the concept of ecological civilization and build a beautiful China,but also an inevitable choice to realize the transformation and upgrading of aquaculture.(2)Estimation and temporal evolution of GTFP of aquacultureIn this study,the connotation of GTFP in aquaculture was summarized into three aspects: from the perspective of resources to achieve reasonable allocation and effective utilization of aquaculture elements,reduce resource loss;from the perspective of economic,we should focus on maximizing the economic output of aquaculture under the restriction of resources and environment;from the perspective of environment,the coordination of aquaculture economic development and ecological environment protection was emphasized.Based on these,a theoretical analysis framework of GTFP of aquaculture integrating “resource input-economic growth-environmental effect” was constructed.The global Super-SBM model and GML index method were used to calculate GTFP of freshwater(seawater)aquaculture in China and various provinces and regions and summarized its temporal evolution characteristics.The results showed as follows: Firstly,the mean value of GTFP of freshwater(seawater)aquaculture in all provinces of China showed a fluctuated increasing trend,and there were differences among different regions.Freshwater aquaculture showed the distribution characteristics of “the highest in central China,the second in eastern China and the lowest in western China”.The distribution characteristics of mariculture are “the highest in South China Sea,the second in East China Sea,and the lowest in Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea”.Secondly,the reasons leading to the loss of GTFP in freshwater(seawater)aquaculture mainly focused on the excessive consumption of resources and excessive unexpected output.Among the resource input indicators,the average redundancy rate of fishing vessel,area and fish fry was higher,while the average redundancy rate of the medium standard pollution load and carbon emission of the non-expected output indicators was higher.Thirdly,GTFP of freshwater(seawater)aquaculture in China was on the increasing trend,and its driving growth momentum was mainly from green technology progress,and green technology efficiency contribution was limited.Fourthly,the GTFP of freshwater(seawater)aquaculture in China decreased first and then increased,which showed a slight decline in the 11 th Five-Year Plan period and an increasing trend in the12 th and 13 th Five-Year Plans period.Fifth,the average annual growth of GTFP of freshwater(seawater)aquaculture in different regions was not balanced.The distribution pattern of freshwater aquaculture was “fast in the west,flat in the east and slow in the middle”.The distribution pattern of mariculture was “fast in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea,flat in the East China Sea and slow in the South China Sea”.(3)Spatial differentiation and convergence of GTFP in aquacultureIn this part,the spatial differentiation and convergence of GTFP in aquaculture were investigated empirically by combining Dagum Gini coefficient and convergence model,so as to grasp its spatial pattern and change trajectory more accurately and comprehensively.The results showed as follows: Firstly,there was obvious spatial differentiation of GTFP in freshwater(seawater)aquaculture in China during the sample period,and the spatial differentiation was different within and between different regions.The average Gini coefficient of freshwater aquaculture region showed the characteristics of “the highest in the west,the second in the east and the lowest in the middle”,and the average Gini coefficient between regions showed the characteristics of“the highest between the east and the west,the second between the middle and the west,and the lowest between the east and the middle”.The average Gini coefficient within the mariculture region was “the highest in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea,followed by the East China Sea,and the lowest in the South China Sea”,and the average Gini coefficient between regions was “the highest was between the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea and the South China Sea,the second was between the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea and the East China Sea,and the lowest was between the East China Sea and the South China Sea”.Secondly,the overall spatial differentiation,intra-regional differentiation and inter-regional differentiation of GTFP in China’s freshwater(seawater)aquaculture all showed a downward trend,and the imbalance weakened over time.The overall Gini coefficient of freshwater aquaculture declined by 22.62%;the decline of Gini coefficient in the region was characterized by “the highest in the middle,the second in the west,and the lowest in the east”;the decline of Gini coefficient between regions was characterized by “the highest between the central and western regions,the second between the eastern and western regions,and the lowest between the eastern and central regions”.The overall Gini coefficient of marine aquaculture declined by 44.44%;the decline of Gini coefficient in the region was characterized by“the highest in the East China Sea,the second in the South China Sea,and the lowest in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea”;The decline of Gini coefficient between regions was characterized by “the highest between the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea and the East China Sea,the second between the East China Sea and the South China Sea,and the lowest between the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea and the South China Sea”.Thirdly,there were differences in the sources of GTFP spatial differentiation in China’s freshwater(seawater)aquaculture.As far as freshwater aquaculture was concerned,hypervariable density was the main source of its spatial differentiation,followed by intra-regional differentiation and inter-regional differentiation;as far as the mariculture was concerned,inter-regional differentiation was the main source of its spatial differentiation,followed by the contribution of hypervariable density,and the contribution of intra-regional differentiation was the smallest.Fourthly,there were obvious σ convergence,absolute β convergence and conditional β convergence in freshwater(seawater)aquaculture GTFP in China and its regions.(4)Research on influencing factors of GTFP in aquacultureCombining with the development characteristics of aquaculture,an analysis framework of influencing factors of GTFP in aquaculture was constructed,an index system was designed based on this framework,and an empirical study was conducted on influencing factors of GTFP in aquaculture based on the two-way fixed effect model of spatial dubin.Among them,the commonality analysis showed that industry scale and network service level can promote the improvement of GTFP of local aquaculture,and have a positive spillover effect.Industrial structure has positive spillover effect on GTFP of aquaculture in neighboring areas.Fishermen’s income can promote the increase of GTFP in local aquaculture,but it has negative spillover effect.The urbanization level has a negative effect on the increase of GTFP of aquaculture in neighboring areas.Transportation convenience,technology adoption and environmental regulation have positive effects on GTFP of local aquaculture.Fishery disaster has negative influence on GTFP of local aquaculture.The impact of technical facilities and the use of fishery drugs on GTFP of aquaculture was not significant.Heterogeneity analysis showed that industrial structure had a significant positive effect on GTFP of local mariculture,but had no significant effect on local freshwater aquaculture.Urbanization level and technical training had significant positive effects on GTFP of local freshwater aquaculture,but had no significant effects on local mariculture.Based on the above conclusions,policy suggestions from the perspectives of the government,aquaculture enterprises(farmers)and the public were put forward,which including: formulating the green development policy of aquaculture according to local conditions;promoting the industrialization and scale development of fishery and accelerating the popularization and dissemination of advanced technologies;improving the fishery insurance and financial policy system and strengthening subsidies for green production of fisheries;speeding up green technology innovation in aquaculture and improving green technology efficiency;continuously strengthening the linkage of aquaculture economy between regions and deepening the exchanges and cooperation between regions;expanding the field of aquatic technology innovation;strengthening social awareness of the importance of fishery development;developing more popular aquatic products and promoting residents’ consumption of aquatic products;carrying out various forms of science popularization of aquatic products,expanding the marketing channels of aquatic products,and accelerating the cultivation of aquatic products brands. |
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