| Although developed countries emphasize reducing carbon emissions and developing countries emphasize improving resource utilization efficiency and solving environmental pollution,they all agree that the "green economy is an economy that can improve human well-being and social equity while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcity",as they are all faced with the global challenges of environmental issues.Green GDP has become a key index to measure regional competitiveness.The construction of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area is part of China’s national strategy,and the Greater Bay Area is also the only example of an area with "one country,two systems" in the world.How to build consensus on green development and improve the global competitiveness of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area through the development of the green economy is a key issue facing theoretical researchers and policy makers.However,it is clearly pointed out in the Outline Development Plan for the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area that the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area is facing a challenge in its development: the "tightening constraints on resources and energy and increasing pressure on the ecological environment".There is no doubt that the practical problems of environmental management in the Greater Bay Area are still very serious.With the release of the 14 th Five-Year Tourism Development Plan in 2021,the development of tourism has entered a new stage.Faced with new opportunities and challenges,for a balanced and sustainable development between tourism and other industries,the main factors in the development of tourism are as follows: a different regional scale,a balanced and sustainable development of tourism resources and,most importantly,the coordination between sustainable development and the ecological environment in tourism.This topic has also aroused strong academic interest.Through reading relevant literature,the author finds that it is of great significance for guiding the interpretation of current tourism development issues from the perspective of industrial symbiosis,regional symbiosis or ecological environment symbiosis derived from biological symbiosis theory.Tourism enterprises play the most important role in the tourism industry.The coordinated and sustainable development of tourism cannot be separated from the symbiosis between tourism enterprises and other enterprises,as well as between local tourism enterprises and tourism enterprises in other cities,let alone the symbiosis between tourism enterprises and the natural ecological environment.The pure pursuit of economic value will lead to a waste of resources and the destruction of the environment.On the other hand,the pure pursuit of a beautiful environment is similar to pursuing water without a source.As a result,the idea of considering both the economy and the environment at the same time is included in the concept of green GDP.Through the symbiotic interface between enterprises,economic co-creation behavior is generated,and the co-creation behavior of the environmental value is generated by the symbiotic interface between enterprises and the environment,which is also what tourism enterprises should pursue.Although in previous studies,some scholars realized the problem of pursuing economic benefits and environmental benefits at the same time and put forward the concept of the co-creation of ecological value based on this problem,specific research on how to carry this out is very limited.From a deeper level,when there is a contradiction between the "instrumental rationality" of pursuing the maximization of economic benefits and the "value rationality" of pursuing beauty and faith from the perspective of ethics,nature and ecology,how should tourism enterprises choose? Based on this,the author puts forward the research questions of this study:(1)from the perspective of value co-creation,what are the specific behavioral representations for the value co-creation behavior of the green GDP of tourism enterprises based on the symbiosis theory?(2)From a rational perspective and a realistic situation,what are the factors that affect the value co-creation behavior of the green GDP of tourism enterprises?(3)What is the formation path for the behavior related to the value co-creation behavior of the green GDP of tourism enterprises?The author chooses tourism enterprises in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area as the research object for three reasons: First of all,the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area includes nine cities in Guangdong province,including Guangzhou,Shenzhen,Zhuhai,Foshan,Dongguan,Zhaoqing,Huizhou,Zhongshan and Jiangmen,as well as the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Macao Special Administrative Region.As the only region in China with"one country,two systems,three laws,the "9+2" cities of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area are geographically close,and the people are closely connected.Moreover,Hong Kong and Macao are characterized by institutional particularity,which makes the research carried out in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area not only have commonality with other regions,but also have its own particularity.Second,the large bay area of Guangdong is China’s most economically vital area with one of the highest economic levels in the region.It is also the area with the most vigorous tourism consumption,with tourism being one of the most developed parts of the economy.The large bay area of Guangdong is an important tourist destination in the world,and the large bay tourism enterprises and the whole tourism industry chain play an important role in the development of the regional economy.Finally,the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area still faces serious environmental challenges,such as frequent air pollution and water pollution.Facing severe ecological and environmental problems,enterprises that rely on the ecological environment to develop the Greater Bay Area,especially tourism enterprises,are faced with a difficult choice.The author solved the above research problems using a mixed research methodology.First,a qualitative research method was used to explore the behavioral representation and influencing factors of the green gdp value co-creation behavior of tourism enterprises,and a conceptual model was proposed.Then,the tool was developed by constructing the scale of green gdp value co-creation behavior and related influencing factors.Finally,empirical research was used to verify the formation path model of the green gdp value co-creation behavior of tourism enterprises.Specifically,(1)we conducted research on the management of nineteen tourism enterprises in a large bay area of Guangdong and carried out interviews with relevant personnel.Then,we summarized the tourism enterprises’ green gdp value co-creation behavior,focusing on five kinds of behavior including ecotourism behavior,communication,dialogue,knowledge-sharing behavior,behavior related to the construction of local reputation and the supply chain collaboration behavior.It was found that the factors affecting the co-creation of green GDP include interdependence,symbiosis,the tendency of enterprises towards ecological innovation and environmental regulation.On this basis,a conceptual model of green gdp value co-creation behavior is proposed.(2)In study 2,the author strictly followed the steps of scale development.Firstly,the author completed the development of a scale for the green gdp value co-creation behavior of enterprises,which contained 36 items from 9 dimensions.Secondly,in view of symbiosis,a newly proposed concept in qualitative research,the author developed a symbiosis scale containing 20 items from 4 dimensions.(3)Based on symbiosis theory and rational choice theory,the author tested the proposed conceptual model and hypothesis through 521 questionnaires collected from tourism enterprises in the Greater Bay Area in study 3.This paper verifies the path from interdependence to green gdp value co-creation and the mediating effect of physiology and the moderating effects of environmental regulation and the enterprises’ tendency towards ecological innovation.The main conclusions of this study include(1)exploring the behavioral characterization and influencing factors of the green gdp value co-creation behavior of tourism enterprises.The behavioral representations include communication behavior,knowledge-sharing behavior,benign competition and cooperation behavior,local reputation-building behavior,supply chain coordination behavior,environmental activism behavior,environmental citizenship behavior,environmental policy response behavior and behavior related to the implementation of environmental requirements.The factors influencing the green gdp value co-creation behavior of tourism enterprises include interdependence,symbiosis,the enterprises’ tendency towards ecological innovation and environmental regulation.(2)A new concept of symbiosis rationality is proposed,which is defined by the author as follows: stakeholder subjects with a symbiotic relationship(this paper studies relationships between enterprises and enterprises,and enterprises and the environment)are investigated based on the overall interests of the system,taking the goal of sustainable development as the purpose,and taking into account the relative balance of environmental values while pursuing economic values.Symbiosis includes four dimensions,namely secularization,systematicness,consistency and sustainability.(3)The green gdp value co-creation behavior scale of tourism enterprises is developed,which contains 36 items from 9dimensions.At the same time,a symbiosis scale was developed,which contained 18 items in 4 dimensions.(4)It was found that a symbiotic relationship generated through interdependence is the basis for symbiotic rationality and green gdp value co-creation behavior.Symbiotic rationality plays a mediating role in the path from interdependence to green gdp value co-creation behavior,and environmental regulation and the tendency of enterprises towards ecological innovation play a moderating role in the path from symbiotic rationality to green gdp value co-creation behavior.The moderating effect of enterprises’ tendency towards ecological innovation is more significant.(5)Symbiosis was found to be a complete intermediary between interdependence,communication and knowledge sharing.Symbiotic rationality partially mediates from interdependence to benign competition and cooperation behavior,local reputation-building behavior,environmental activism behavior,environmental citizenship behavior and the behavior related to the implementation of environmental demands.The mediating effect of symbiosis on supply chain coordination behavior and environmental policy response behavior is not significant.When symbiosis affects the behavior of communication and dialogue,the moderating variable of environmental regulation has the same influence range at different levels,and the moderating effect is not significant.The main contributions of this study are as follows:(1)The behavioral characterization and influencing factors of green gdp value co-creation in tourism enterprises are explored.(2)Analyzing the symbiotic relationship between tourism enterprises and other enterprises,tourism enterprises and environmental objects,and introducing the object of ecological environment into the theory of value co-creation,which expands the theoretical boundary of value co-creation theory.(3)With great interest,the author tries to conduct an interdisciplinary reflection on and exploration of the fields of management and philosophy,and puts forward the concept of symbiotic rationality,emphasizing that it has the characteristics of compatibility and harmonization.It is the rational unity that not only accommodates instrumental rationality and value rationality,but also adjusts the opposition and contradiction between them to some extent.(4)This study tentatively proposes the formation path of the green gdp value co-creation behavior of tourism enterprises,which is also a supplement to the symbiosis theory.The formation path from interdependence to symbiosis to the green gdp value co-creation of tourism enterprises not only pays attention to economic value and environmental value,but also emphasizes the promotion of such behavior from a subjective perspective,which to some extent ensures that the symbiotic system moves to a symbiotic mode.(5)The results of this study have a certain significance in that they provide insight into the promotion of the green development of tourism enterprises and the promotion of the overall coordinated and sustainable development of the tourism industry. |
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