| Air pollution is still troubling people all over the world.According to the statistics of the Lancet,a world authoritative journal,and the American Institute of Health Effects(HEI,2019),more than 7 billion people around the world are breathing unsafe air,and92% of them live in areas where the average annual concentration of fine particulate matter is higher than the limits set by WHO guidelines.Improve air quality and Controlling Air pollution is an important issue facing the whole world and governments of all countries.In recent years,regional and complex air pollution problems such as "PM2.5" pollution and "low-level ozone" pollution have been frequently occurred,Therefore,"divisional strategy " and "classified management" have become an important direction in the field of environmental governance during the "12th Five-Year Plan" and "13th Five-Year Plan" periods and even for a long time to come.In this paper,the air pollution prevention and control policy of Hubei Province,a typical region of complex air pollution occurrence area,was systematically studied to explore the regional complex air pollution prevention and control law,which is of reference significance to the air pollution prevention and control policy optimization in Hubei Province and the same type of complex air pollution prevention and control.The main research conclusions are as follows:(1)The policy evolution of air pollution control in Hubei Province can be divided into four stages: the policy embryonic stage(1978-1981),the policy exploration initial stage(1982-1996),the policy rapid development stage(1997-2012),and the policy transformation development and deepening development stage(2013-present).From the social economic decisions into the atmospheric environmental protection in the thought of integration,prevention-matter to prevent-afterwards management policy to gradually adopt prevention and control of the whole process of market-oriented and the public participated diversified management policy of prevention and control means,until now to air quality control instead of the total amount control zone spreading into the comprehensive prevention and control policy,policy for the control of air pollution in Hubei province escalating deepening in steady progress.(2)Since the reform and opening up,various types of policy tools have been involved in the formulation and implementation of air pollution prevention and control policies in Hubei Province.The command-and-control policy tools are preferred,while market-based and public participatory policy tools are less used.Among all the policy measures,the focus is on strengthening the supervision,assessment and accountability for the prevention and control of air pollution,constantly revising standards for pollutant discharge and energy conservation,improving the capacity for monitoring,early warning and emergency response,strengthening scientific and technological support for the prevention and control of air pollution,and promoting public participation in the prevention and control of air pollution.The prefecture-level cities in Hubei Province have maintained a certain consistency and coordination with the provincial government in the choice of policy tools,but there are some differences in the choice of policy tools among the prefecture-level cities.Different types of air pollution control policies with different objectives have different preferences for policy tools,and more abundant and effective air pollution control policy tools have not been used.(3)The comprehensive air pollution prevention and control policy system of Hubei Province has been gradually established and steadily promoted,and the local governments have been paying an increasing attention to air pollution control.The main body of policy releasing presents the characteristics of diversification,and the cooperation network of the main body of policy releasing is more and more open,but the degree of joint decision-making needs to be improved,and the coordination between departments needs to be strengthened.The air pollution control policy of Hubei Province is not only mandatory and normative,but also instructive and operable.The policy practice is constantly strengthened on the basis of top-level design.From the point of view of pollution reduction methods,the focus of air pollution prevention and control policies in Hubei Province is on the regulation of emission reduction.(4)From 2011 to 2018,the comprehensive efficiency of provincial air pollution prevention and control in Hubei Province declined in the fluctuation,and the overall level was not high.Compared with other provinces where the eastern key air pollution prevention and control areas are located,the comprehensive efficiency still lagged far behind.Low technical efficiency is the main factor affecting the improvement of air pollution control efficiency in Hubei Province,and there is room for further improvement of technical efficiency in Hubei Province.The main factors affecting the policy efficiency of air pollution control in Hubei Province are as follows: the level of economic development is significantly positively correlated with the input of science and technology and the level of efficiency;Foreign investment,government scale and proportion of secondary industry are negatively correlated with efficiency level.(5)From 2011 to 2018,the change trend of the air pollution prevention and control effect level of the 12 sample cities in Hubei Province is relatively consistent,showing an increasing trend on the whole,but the overall policy effect is not good,and there is a large room for improvement.Meanwhile,the effect of air pollution prevention and control policy has obvious regional differences and dynamic changes in time.From the perspective of specific influencing factors,the level of "driving force" of air pollution is decreasing continuously which is related to the increase of the total energy consumption,urban construction land area and urbanization rate of the sample cities.With respect to pressure layer,the increase of pressure layer index has a great relationship with the continuous optimization of industrial structure of sample cities.At the same time,the number of motor vehicles has become an important pressure source of air pollution in Hubei Province;From the state layer,the urban air pollution status deteriorated to a certain extent regardless of the concentration of fine particles,ozone and absorbable particles from 2011 to 2014.From 2015 to 2018,the overall urban air pollution status improved to a certain extent after adding the concentration of fine particles,ozone and absorbable particles,The concentration of nitrogen oxides and ozone has become an important air pollutant requiring continuous improvement of air quality;From the perspective of impact layer,the air pollution impact index has increased significantly and the social and economic losses and environmental health losses caused by air pollution in Hubei Province have been decreasing continuously;From the perspective of response layer,some prefecture-level cities in Hubei Province carried out effective air pollution prevention and control policy response.(6)The recommendations of better air pollution control policy are as follows:improving the cooperation mechanism between policy subjects(establish an effective coordination and interaction mode,scientific positioning and quantitative assessment and accountability of policy subjects’ responsibilities,and building a cross administrative joint prevention and control mechanism);optimizing the policy content and policy objective system(tackling the key problems of "traffic pollution prevention" and "dust prevention",optimize the industrial structure in combination with provincial and municipal characteristics,promote green industrial development,strictly control the total amount of coal consumption,vigorously promote clean energy and promote the technical level of clean energy use);optimizing the use of air pollution prevention and control policy tools(pay attention to the use of market-oriented and public participation policy tools,enrich the use types of policy tools and realize the effective combination of a variety of policy tools);improving the policy guarantee mechanism(ensure financial and financial investment in air pollution prevention and control,strengthen scientific and technological support for air pollution prevention and control and promote the common governance of the whole people);strengthening policy supervision(further innovate the atmospheric environment management system,improve the monitoring and early warning system,and strengthen the implementation of supervision,assessment and accountability)and so on. |
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