A Research On Characteristic And Influence Facotrs Of Terrestrial Birds And Mamammls Diversities In Hainan Jianfengling National Nature Reserve

Jianfengling region was originally a tropical rain forest region with rich biodiversity,but due to the history of slash-and-burn cultivation and hunting tradition of the local ethnic minorities,the diversity of wildlife in the whole region has been seriously lost.In this study,infrared cameras were placed in 60 hm~2 plot(from March 2014 to March 2015 and from August 2016 to February 2019)and 42 permanent plots in Jianfengling National Nature Reserve and its surrounding forest areas(from October 2013 to November 2015)for wildlife investigation.According to the survey results of infrared cameras,the diversity changes of Terrestrial birds and animals in different periods in Jianfengling area were analyzed.The seasonal changes of daily activity rhythms of main species and the differences of activity rhythms of different species were analyzed by kernel density estimation and coefficient of overlap.The influence of human activities on Terrestrial birds and animals in Jianfengling was discussed by canonical correlation analysis.The main research results are as follows:(1)During the monitoring period in Jianfengling area,the infrared camera worked for42,563 camera days,and 19,953 valid photos were obtained,including 18,467(93%)of mammals and 1,486(7%)of birds.A total of 62 species of wild animals belonging to 16orders and 33 families were photographed by infrared camera,including 16 species of mammals belonging to 11 families and 16 species of birds belonging to 22 families and 10orders.Sixteen species of mammals were detected,accounting for only 25%of the historical records.There are distributed in Jianfengling area.Species previously distributed in Jianfengling area were not recorded by infrared cameras such as black bears,clouded leopards,big civet cats and water deer(2)Shannon-Wiener index of 60 hm~2 plot is 2.117;The Shannon-Wiener index of 42permanent plots is 2.215.Environmental variables,such as altitude,slope,aspect and forest resources level,will affect the number of species,species diversity index and animal photographic rate captured by infrared cameras.There are significant differences in the photographic rate of wild animals among different number of plants in 60 hm~2 plot.The altitude and forest origin in 42 permanent plots have significant influence on the animal photographic rate.However,in these two different investigation ranges,the environment has no significant influence on the species number and species diversity index captured by infrared cameras.Season has no significant influence on the daily activities of weasel Melogale moschata and Polyplectron katsumatae,but has significant influence on the daily activities of Muntiacus vaginalis and Lophura nycthemera.Different species compete in different degrees.Paradoxurus hermaphroditus and Melogale moschata have the highest overlap index,followed by Polyplectron katsumatae and Lophura nycthemera,and Muntiacus vaginalis and Sus scrofa are the lowest.Under different climatic conditions and competitive pressures,species can adaptively adjust their own activity rhythm,so as to obtain higher fitness in different environments.(3)Based on the correlation analysis(CCA)between the shooting data of 61 infrared cameras in Jianfengling area and habitat factors in the resettlement area,the distribution of mammals is closely related to posters,human interference factors such as poaching and road construction are closely related to the distribution of mammals.In the relationship between birds and environmental factors,shrub height,coverage,DBH,altitude are positively correlated with bird distribution,while tree canopy coverage is negatively correlated with bird shooting rate.Disturbance-related variables poaching,road construction and tourism have a close correlation with birds.Small carnivores showed a downward trend with the interference intensity,and the frequency of Artiodactyla increased under low interference and high interference.Under low interference,the frequency of Red muntjac was higher,while under severe interference,the frequency of wild boar was higher.The occurrence frequency of Rodentia has a positive correlation with the degree of interference.The greater the interference intensity,the higher the occurrence frequency.There is a negative correlation between the number of bird species and the interference intensity.The number of photos taken is the highest under medium interference.There was no significant difference between mild and moderate.Under severe interference,the bird shooting rate decreased.The shooting rate of carnivores in primitive forest is the highest,the number of wild boar in Artiodactyla is small,the number of Red muntjac is large,the number of squirrels is large in primitive forest and secondary forest,and the shooting rate of mice in artificial forest is high.Human interference has greatly changed the species composition of mammals.(4)Through Max Ent model analysis,the potential suitable habitat maps of seven target animals,such as porcupine,Silver Pheasant,weasel badger,red muntjac,coconut beaver,Hainan peacock pheasant and macaque,were obtained.The distribution areas were:macaque688.63 hm~2,weasel badger 4213.42 hm~2,,coconut beaver 4188.79 hm~2,,porcupine 6817.31hm~2,,red muntjac 2558.75 hm~2,,Hainan peacock pheasant 7076.67 hm~2,,Silver Pheasant,3508.79 hm~2.Human disturbance is one of the important factors affecting the distribution of these seven species,the accumulative contribution rate is between 24.9%and 53.4%.The effect on rhesus monkey is the biggest,but on Hainan peacock pheasant,silver pheasant and porcupine is the least.In this study,infrared camera technology was used to study the spatiotemporal characteristics of the diversity of terrestrial birds and mammals in Jianfengling nature reserve,revealing the effects of human disturbance on the behavior rhythm and habitat suitability of wildlife.It was found that large wild animals such as black bear and gibbon may be extinct in the wild in this area.strengthen the publicity and education of surrounding communities and law enforcement efforts,strengthen the capacity building of the protected area,use modern information technology to monitor each road junction entering the protected area,and minimize human interference in the protected area.The results are of great significance to the construction of Hainan Tropical Rain Forest National Park and the restoration of biodiversity in Jianfengling area.