On The Intensive Urbanization And Comprehensive Evaluation In China

Urbanization is an essential process for country or region economic development, a comprehensive and profound transformation and change for economic and society, a rapid popularization of modern civilization to the whole society. So, urbanization is an insurmountable process. Especially, there is the high correlation between urbanization and economic growth, which makes all countries of the world pay special attention to the evolution of the growth momentum, in order to get great progress in the urbanization process. In today, all countries or regions is in the wave of urbanization, china, as a big developing country with a large population, does not rest on its laurels, but meets the baptism of the wave of globalization with a new posture.Before reform and opening-up, China's urbanization had showed a strong "political order color" in the volatility developing process. That is to say, the Chinese Government dominated the urbanization level's raising or lowering which is measured by the proportion of urban residents. With the implementation of reform and opening-up policy, The Government of China focuses on the construction of the socialist market economy with the Chinese characteristics, the market economy becomes increasingly important role in the economic and social, which also makes the its urbanization development shows the "top-down" and "bottom-up" the dual coexistence characteristics after reform and opening up. Just from the perspective of "top-down" studying the urbanization level, the Government of China has strong and obvious motivation of initiating urbanization, because of the strongly positive interdependence result between urbanization and economic growth. Review of the two Chinese urbanization development strategy, the paper can found that the Government of China puts forward the two urbanization development strategy has a strong correlation with the outbreak of the1998and2008economic crisis. After the Asian financial crisis in1998, China's export-oriented economy is severely affected. In order to cope with the negative impulse, the fifteenth third plenary session of the communist party of China puts forward the "Small Towns, Big Strategies". In2008, after twenty years, the world financial crisis is outbreak, the Chinese government puts "investment" in the first place. However, when the "four trillion" investment effect is gradually dying out, China's economy is fallen into the dilemma of weak growth once again, that makes the Chinese government will put focus on urbanization once more. Then, in the eighteenth central committee of the communist party China report puts forward a "New Four Modernizations" development strategy. Urbanization is a key word in development strategy once again.Superficially, the two urbanization development strategies seemed to be raised for expanding domestic demand and stimulating economic growth. To ensure the economic growth is of course the main task of the two urbanization development strategies. But the newest one also contains another meaning which is transformation. This is the biggest difference from "Small urbanization, Grand strategy". In2011, China's urban population rate has been more than50%, from the practical experience of urbanization in the world, it is not only the turning point of "leading rural society" to "urban leading society" but also the turning point of "city disease". The Chinese government has realized that in the past years of extensive urbanization development which has developed a variety of negative impact is inevitable. And it hope that the economic transition and social transformation can make an organic integration through the new urbanization development strategy. It also like to release maximum "reform dividend", realize the transformation of economy, sustain the economic development and improve the quality of the urbanization development level while reinsure economic growth at the same time. Thus, we have to ask:how to implement this strategy as the urbanization development is proposed as a new strategy?" This study suggests that intensive urbanization is the natural practice of the new urbanization as well as the effective ways to accelerate urbanization new implementation.So, what is the intensive urbanization? The problem is resolved in the third chapter of this study. The so-called intensive urbanization make the references on the rule of economic development and urbanization development, sets resource saving and the ecological environment protection as the basic principle, the theory of scientific development and scientific and rational urban system planning as a guide and no differentiation of comprehensive human development as the core goal. It motivated by the multiple exogenous and endogenous factors to realize smart growth in urban economy, the transition of traditional rural society to modern society and finally realizes the harmonious state of fully Shared civilization. In the process of intensive urbanization, the structure of urban space is becoming more and more compact, the population scale becomes reasonable gradually, industrial concentration degree increasing, the ability of industry intensive development and support improves increasingly and the environment become more beautiful. Compared with intensive urbanization, the new urbanization therefore is a kind of development strategy, the latter one is an urbanization path or model under the guidance of the strategy.Under the background of reform tide in China, carrying out intensive urbanization research work has significant meaning in theory and practice. From the theoretical level, there is not much research based on the intensive urbanization which is a complement to the field. From a practical perspective, intensive urbanization is the key method to "the new urbanization", an effective approach to achieve "four modernizations" synchronous development, as well as the comprehensive guarantee of "two type society". In view of this, this paper carried out systematic research on Chinese intensive urbanization. This study is divided into nine chapters which contains three parts from the basic analysis, important point analysis and summary. Among them, the main analyzes has seven chapters which sets the general-points-general structure.The basic analysis is made up of introduction and literature review.Chapter1mainly expounds briefly the research key points and difficulties of the background, significance, content, as well as the possible innovation and deficiency. The second chapter literature review mainly discuss the basic problem for the existing and development of urbanization, and sort the urbanization theory and intensive urbanization of the research results. On the basis of these work, we found that the theory basis for the development of urbanization is solid, and on the point of enhancing the development of urbanization quality it still need further study of several aspects on it. first, what is the connotation of the intensive urbanization and which relations needs to deal with; Second, what is the power architecture of intensive urbanization and how is the operation mechanism. The third is, how to measure and evaluate intensive urbanization development level, how well intensive degree urbanization in China; the forth is what is the support system to support China to achieve the spatial structure of the intensive urbanization development.The main analysis section is set by the general-points-the general framework in seven chapters.The general section analysis is the focus of the third chapter in this study which is the most important chapter, is the guarantee the follow-up study from becoming like "water without source analysis of the theoretical research. In this chapter, through the basic concepts of city, town, village and intensive, concentrated, compact agglomeration, it raise the connotation of the intensive urbanization. And Intensive urbanization pay more attention to the connotation of urbanization development and quality improvement. This research suggests that intensive urbanization is different from the general sense of urbanization, it is also different from the new urbanization. On the one hand, the connotation of intensive urbanization is greater than, less than the general sense of the extension of urbanization. On the other hand, intensive urbanization is the essence of new urbanization, new urbanization is more suitable to be used as a general strategy and intensive urbanization is the concrete operation way of implementing the overall strategy.The key points of the analysis is from chapter4to7. Chapter4started from the four exogenous factors affecting the development of urbanization and five endogenous factors, and then summarizes the four major driving forces of the development of the intensive urbanization which are System security force, industrial driving force, the system resource support and the environment binding force. The four driving forces are not simply affect the urbanization separately, but by alternating complex interconnected, and promote the intensive development of urbanization together. thus promoting the evolution of intensive urbanization, the four dynamic mechanism of interaction:system security mechanism, drive mechanism, resources support mechanisms, and environmental constraints.Chapter5is a core chapter, which is Chinese provincial comprehensive evaluation of quantitative research on the intensive urbanization development level. In this chapter, we build the three layers of comprehensive evaluation index system of intensive urbanization development level. The intensive urbanization development level layer of comprehensive index is the general indicators and contains six dimensions from economy, population, space, society, resources and environment and made up of47indicators on base layer. Based on this index system, factor analysis and systematic cluster analysis of the empirical analysis results show that China's provincial travel intensive urbanization present alienation, gradient, inverse gradient, harmonization development momentum, and that Chinese urbanization should be multidimensional, integrated, intensive, regional coordination and sustainable a process.In this part, chapter6is an important chapter, the research analyzes the urbanization development present situation and existing problems of the combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis mainly for more than30years since China's reform and opening up. Reviewing the urbanization process in China can be found that since the reform and opening up of China's urbanization development showed a good momentum.in this period, the China's urbanization can be divided into two stages:the smooth development of the early stage and the rapid development of the middle stage.In this two stages, it showed five features:The development of urbanization have been strong and sustained but is still lagging behind, the features of duality are quite obvious as well as the Regional development difference. At the same time, this study also found that all the five aspects of the outstanding problems exposed in the process of urbanization in China, and restricts the sustainable and healthy development of China's urbanization. The five problems in the intensive urbanization practice needs to solve which are the lag of process of institutional innovation product output, industry development support strength is not strong enough, and the shortage of scale of public products supply, the resources carrying capacity is relatively weak and ecological and environmental constraints tightening.Chapter7is an indispensable part in the article which use the descriptive statistics and experiences from the developed countries and the development of Chinese urbanization development experience, to look for the advantage for China to promote the analysis and research of the intensive urbanization revelation. In this chapter, this article selects three developed countries which are Britain, the United States and Germany and also selects Mexico, India, South Korea three developing countries as examples to find out several valuable experience of the development process of urbanization from them, and explore the enlightenment of promoting intensive urbanization in China. These Revelations are mainly concentrated in spatial distribution, population distribution, industrial development, infrastructure, resources utilization and environment protection.Chapter8of the present study is a general conclusion of the focal analysis session, this chapter is based on chapter3to7, analyzing the development of China's intensive urbanization on the whole. This chapter stems from the general idea of the intensive urbanization development, expounding the guiding ideology, basic principles, goals and core points that promote the development of intensive urbanization, and further analyzing its pace structure, supporting system and policy path. The analysis shows that China's intensive urbanization is adhere to the people-oriented principle, to build a reasonable spatial structure from the macro, meso and micro levels, so as to form a scientific and reasonable "flat tower" shaped macro hierarchical structure of urban system. It aims to form an internally coordinated "five centered, medium urban area structure featuring four pillared", also to form an "intensive, fully functional" micro urban internal organic unified system. At the same time, it must also improve the supporting system construction, select the reasonable industry, optimize the industrial layout, strengthen the supporting ability of the industrial development, strengthen the physical and social infrastructure, and enhance the capability of social infrastructure. In addition, whether the "giant ship" of intensive urbanization can be smoothly sailing require guarantee of the measures from areas like political system, planning, industry, resources and environment.Summary analysis section is made up of the content of the last chapter.Chapter9is the basic conclusions and the follow-up prospects of this research. In this chapter, after reviewing the research of previous chapters, we have summarized some basic conclusions, such as that the mathematical study and microscopic mechanism of intensive urbanization needs to be strengthened, intensive urbanization is a comprehensive, balanced and sustainable progress of development, intensive urbanization is an effective way to achieve new development strategy of urbanization, intensive urbanization is an evolutionary progress of rational layout and pillar enhancement of urbanization, and that intensive urbanization needs a scientific and reasonable index system of evaluation. In addition, future research needs to focus on elaborating several key points of and a few directions, such as the policy innovation in the system design of intensive urbanization, the optimal of mechanism of urban population, and the sharing mechanism between urban and rural areas.In nine chapters of the research, the author, after carefully consideration, claims that this article includes five possible innovative points as followed:The first, the article re-defines the connotation and the denotation of intensive urbanization.Although a few scholars had been explained the the connotation and the denotation of intensive urbanization, their definition did not cover all six dimensions, such as economy dimension, population dimension, society dimension, space dimension, resource dimension, enviorment dimension, at the same time, just foucs on one or several dimensions. Moreover, there have been a significant change on the background of china unbanization in recnt years. Therefore, it is necessary to re-defined the connotation and the denotation of intensive urbanization based on the new problem, new background and some scholars' research results. The paper think that intensive unbanizetion is a harmonious and coexistent development process, which should involve economy dimension, population dimension, society dimension, space dimension, resource dimension and enviorment dimension, strictly follow the basic scientific law of urbanization development, be with the guidance of scientific development theory and reasonable urban system plan, be with the core goal to no differentiation people development, be with the power from multiple endogenous factors and exogenous factors. The intensive urbanization finally realizes the urban economic smart growth, the transformation from tranditional rural society to morden urban society, the harmonious state of fully shared morden civilization between urban and rural.The second, the paper distinguishes intensive urbanization from the general sense of urbanization or new urbanization.The research argues that the general sense of urbanization only refers to the phenomenon of people and industry concentrating to urban. However, intensive urbanization does not only involve population and industry, but also includes space, society, resource and so on. In a word, the connotation of intensive urbanization is greater than a general sense of urbanization, but the extension of intensive urbanization is less than it. Compared with other types of urbanization, the intensive urbanization is on a dominant position. Although, the meeting of Central Economic Work Conference at the end of2012said that the new-urbanization is low-carbon, green, smart, intensive, I claim that the new-urbanization is more suitable as an overall stratege of urbanization development and the intensive urbanization is a model or path under new-urbanization development strategy as a guidance, well reflecting the nature of new-urbanization, after carefully comeparing the former and the latter.The third, this study finds the power and the motivation mechanism of intensive urbanization.The paper started from the factors affecting the development of urbanization and dig out the four power of intensive urbanization development, namely system guarantee force, industry driving force, resource support force and enviorment binding force. The four momentum of the development of intensive urbanization is not a simple superposition effect on urbanization, but intertwined, together promoting the development of intensive urbanization:policies commands the whole situation and the make safe for intensive urbanization development; the intensive development and structural transform of tertiary industries provides initial momentum for intensive urbanization; the intensive and efficient use of natural and non-natural resources supports the quality rise and capacity extension of intensive urbanization; ecological environment constraints force the system design, the industrial development and the resource usage to change so as to conduct intensive urbanization development. Thus, four dynamic mechanism ere formed when they promote the development of intensive urbanization evolution, such as system security mechanism, industrial drive mechanism, resources support mechanisms and environmental constraints system.The fourth, the paper built a comprehensive evaluation index system for intensive urbanization development.Based on the principle of index selection, a three layout comprehensive evaluation index system is designed in the paper, in order to fully reflect the essence of intensive urbanization. The first levels of index system is integrated layer with one composite index. The second layer composed by economy dimension index, population dimension index, society dimension index, space dimension index, resource dimension index and enviorment dimension index. Basic layer is the third levl which includes46sub-categories indicators.The fifth, the comprehensive evaluation on the level of chinese31province intensive urbanization in2012.There is few scholars carry out the work when the paper is complished, so, the work in this area has practical value. The results of factor analysis and systematic cluster analysis on the basis of three layout comprehensive evaluation index system show that the development of China's intensive urbanization takes on characteristics as estrangement, gradient, inverse gradient, and uncoordinated. Therefore, the emprincal analysis leads to the conclusion that China's intensive urbanization should be an overall, comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development process.