The Research Of The Impact Of Residential Segregation On The Employment Of Indigenous People Of MCMA And The Internal Mechanism

In addition to the perspective of human capital,the impact of residential segregation on employment and its internal impact mechanism have become one of the core contents of modern urban economics research.Most of the related research in developed countries is in a mature stage,while in developing countries it is still in its infancy.On the one hand,in the process of urbanization.Latin America faces social problems such as residential segreg,ation,poverty and income inequality in suburban areas.On the other hand,since the beginning of the 21st century,Latin America has introduced and implemented a series of policies to promote employment regularization in order to alleviate the low quality of employment and unfair social distribution.Under the above theoretical and practical background,the Mexico City Metropolitan Area（MCMA）,as one of the representative cities of developing countries in Latin America,exploring the employment factors and internal mechanisms of the disadvantaged indigenous people from the perspective of residential segregation are significantly.In the context of urbanization in Mexico,a large number of indigenous people have poured into the Mexico City Metropolitan Area（MCMA）.As a representative group of disadvantaged and lowincome groups,indigenous people are mostly informally employed.On the one hand,the wage and employment quality gap between indigenous people and non-indigenous people cannot be fully explained by human capital.On the other hand,low-income people have shorter commuting distances and are mostly employed close to where they live.This study mainly starts from residential segregation,trying to answer:Does residential segregation exist among indigenous people?How do neighborhood effects and spatial mismatch effects caused by residential segregation affect indigenous people employment?How does its impact compare to non-indigenous people?Based on the data of the Population and Housing Survey of Mexico’s National Institute of Statistics and Geography（INEGI）from 2000 to 201 0,this paper adopts ArcGIS software,Probit model and Principal Component Analysis methods to empirically examine the similarities and differences in the degree of residential segregation between indigenous and non-indigenous people,and analyze and test the similarities and differences in the impact of the neighborhood effect and spatial mismatch effect caused by residential segregation on the employment of indigenous and nonindigenous people.Finally,according to the research results,policy recommendations for promoting the formalization of indigenous peoples’ employment are given.The main conclusions of this study are as follows:（1）Indigenous people in the MCMA have a moderate to low degree of residential segregation.From the definition of indigenous people,the degree of non-spatial residential segregation,spatial clustering and data stability of the language-defined indigenous people are higher than those of sense of belonging-defined indigenous people.In terms of income,the three groups of indigenous people with low-middle-high income all have residential segregation.Moreover,high-income groups have the highest degree of non-spatial residential segregation,and low-income groups have the highest degree of spatial clustering.From the perspective of time,the degree of residential segregation has gradually increased from 2000 to 2010.（2）Indigenous people living in communities with a higher proportion of indigenous people are more likely to choose informal employment and more difficult to find formal employment.From the perspective of the definition of indigenous poeple,compared with the sense of belonging-defined indigenous people,the language-defined indigenous people which have a higher degree of residential segregation are more affected by the neighborhood effect and are more likely to choose informal employment.From the perspective of gender,the neighborhood effect has a greater impact on employment of males than females through the channel of ethnic concentration,while the impact of employment of females through the channel of social network is greater than that of males.Among them,ethnic concentration has a significant impact on the low-level educated male group and the high-level educcated female group defined by the sense of belonging.（3）Indigenous people living in areas with more informal employment opportunities are more likely to choose nearby informal employment,and family car ownership is helpful for both informal and formal employment of indigenous people.From the definition of indigenous people,compared with non-indigenous people,the accessibility of informal employment has a greater impact on indigenous people no matter language-defined or a sense of belonging-defined.Among them,language-defined indigenous people with the highest degree of residential segregation are most affected by the accessibility of informal employment and are the most vulnerable to informal employment.Moreover,compared with non-indigenous people,language-defined indigenous people which has family car ownership are more likely to choose informal employment.While,a sense of belonging-defined indigenous people are more likely to choose formal employment.In terms of gender,compared with non-indigenous people,indigenousmales,high-level educcated females and young people are more vulnerable to accessibility of employment.Finally,based on the main conclusions of the study,combined with the problems of urban poverty and inequality faced by the MCMA,the increasingly weak and marginalized social status of indigenous people,the increase of residential segregation,income inequality and inequitable social distribution,it is proposed to improve the employment environment in the ethnic concentration district,improving the Spanish skills of language-defined indigenous people,increasing the housing projects in the city center area and lowering the threshold of private car ownership,etc.It is valuable for making policies to promote the improvement of the labor market and social and public welfare of the disadvantaged groups.The innovation of this paper is as follows.First of all,the literature on the impact of residential segregation and its internal mechanism on employment mostly focuses on ethnic minorities and disadvantaged groups in cities in developed countries,while research in developing countries is still in its infancy.This paper selects the MCMA,as one of the representative cities in developing countries,to examine the impact of residential segregation on indigenous people’s employment.Secondly,scholars in Latin America mostly discuss residential segregation from the socio-economic level,and focus on low-income and female groups as vulnerable groups by ignoring indigenous people.This article compares language-defined indigenous people,a sense of belonging-defined indigenous people,and non-indigenous people across multiple dimensions.Finally,most of the domestic literature in Mexico interprets the wage and employment quality gap between indigenous and non-indigenous people from the perspective of human capital,without considering the impact of residential segregation on the employment gap.This paper examines the impact on employment from two channels of the neighborhood effect,namely ethnic concentration and social network.At the same time,this paper divides accessibility of employment into two ways:accessibility of formal and informal employment,and considers the impact of family car ownership on employment.