The Drives Of International Relations And The Study Of Ethiopia's Relation With Adjacent African Countries,2002-2018

Ethiopia has recurrently stated it has repeatedly threatened by terrorism,religious extremism,and direct political interference from neighbouring countries.The threats have destabilized the peace of the country,weakened the culture of coexistence and tolerance.It further eroded the traditional respect for religions and have fuelled religious strife.It played a role in fomenting identity-based conflicts among peoples.It has inflicted considerable losses on the country until infrastructures are dismantled.The government has frequently stated these issues should be taken lightly only as a matter of domestic issues but also as it is in the hands of foreign countries.On the Ethiopian side,there are several possible explanations that these legitimate concerns could be articulated through/by Egypt,Eritrea and Somalia.The countries' relation with Ethiopia were smooth,but there was additionally a history of general hostility between them.In light of this,Somalia and Eritrea amply demonstrate little regard for Ethiopia in well-lit of their recent history of hostility.The Eritrean administration has been directly interfering in Ethiopia's internal politics by sparking protests,coordinating,training,and financing the opposition.On the Somali side,enmity between the two countries has been fuelled by war over the ambitious great Somalia agenda and later exacerbated by Ethiopia's support for Somalia's transitional government.Pointing to the lack of government in Somalia enhances its security concerns,Ethiopia had stated in a policy to encourage the formation of a Somali government.However,as its mutual support for Somalia's transitional government increased,tensions with the Islamic courts union escalated,resulting in Ethiopian military intervention.Despite the imminent defeat of the ICU in the Ethiopian armed intervention,the group's forces continue dispersing.Nevertheless,Al-Shabab's gradual rise then to prominence in Somalia.Its international description as a terrorist organization sufficiently took into account its offensive capabilities and the scale of terrorism rather than the Islamic courts.The diplomatic dispute with Egypt is linked to essential resources,not hostility.The Nile River issue details the potential conflict between Ethiopia and Egypt.The construction of the Ethiopian renaissance dam did not begin during the formulation of the 2002 policy.However,it is fascinating to take into account that all the state's initiatives have therefore far resulted in a significant diplomatic conflict between Ethiopia and Egypt.Based on these problems,the fundamental question of this study is why,how and under what circumstances did Ethiopia's diplomatic relations with Egypt,Eritrea and Somalia arose political tension? Separately,it highlights three sub-questions: first,what are the drives behind the political tension of Ethiopia and these countries,and second,why did Ethiopia's diplomatic conflict with these countries intensified? Finally,how did the drive exacerbate the dispute to be unresolved? The dissertation uses a qualitative approach,based on relativity on interpretive epistemology.The interpretive strategy helps to examine Ethiopia's relations with these countries,beginning with an examination of the fundamental motives the confrontations.Based on the basics of international relation drives,it provides a strong analysis,interpretation and explanation of the causes of the diplomatic conflict between these countries.As to data collection sessions,the study employs a numeral of methods to collect from a number of reliable sources.The sources of data are government documents which starts from foreign policy.The policy has been used to examine the diplomatic views of Ethiopia,Egypt,Somalia and Eritrea toward each other.The other origins of data include press conferences,policies,resolutions,meetings,reports,and public statements from stakeholders.The secondary source comprises a number of literary works on the relationship between the countries.These include relevant publications,peer-reviewed magazines,and journals.Contextual analysis approach is used for data interpretation.In this way,the study carefully analyses and interprets the content of the foreign relation procedure,the context of the policy,and the source of the tension.The main argument of this study is that the diplomatic conflict between Ethiopia,Somalia,Eritrea and Egypt is not a coincidence,but a policy based politically predicted and has a strategic approach towards cultural integration.At the state level,not only the Ethiopian side,but also the political views of all three countries were intertwined.To begin with Ethiopian side,the state has mentioned a history of friendship and hostility in Somalia,citing a number of historical developments and stated the Somali forces have always hated Ethiopia and cooperated with Ethiopia's enemies.As a result,this threat has been analysed at the state level as continual unless a peaceful supreme government is established in Somalia.In the case of Eritrea,the Eritrean government has been described as enthusiast,anti-peace and anti-democratic.It is also portrayed as a defeat in the EthioEritrean war.As a result,it is politically inspired to help the Ethiopian government opposition in various ways to get revenge for the humiliation of the war.Regarding Egypt,it has been stated that the Nile River will cause a significant diplomatic conflict between the two countries.These principles have influenced to shape Ethiopia's approach for its relations with the three countries.In the case of the three countries,Somalia has currently developed a consistent external relation approach.Granting to its policy,Somalia is interested in active participation in the horn of Africa.However,since the background of the study dates back to 2002 and the Somali supreme government encounters no problems with Ethiopia,this Somali policy is of little use.The event of Somalia clan military rule,the Islamic courts union,and Al-Shabab's anti-Ethiopia position have used in the study.Both the ICU and AlShabaab,as well as extremist groups operating in Somalia,agree that Ethiopia's presence in the regional politics endure a challenge to their stance.As a result,the Islamic courts declared war on Ethiopia,and later Al-Shabaab also demonstrated its anti-Ethiopian stance in a number of ways.The Eritrean government's political activities in the region have been unsuccessful.It has been in constant conflict with countries in the region,one of which is Ethiopia.The Eritrean government has not made any clear policy on foreign relations and its understanding of existing relations.However,it has repeatedly stated its active participation in the horn of Africa and in international politics,but has been unable to do so in the horn of Africa.Eritrea perceive Ethiopia as a country in the region trying to be a hegemonic.Although the political interests of all regimes vary,Egypt's intentions always centrered to protect Egypt's share of the Nile River,as a result,it did not retain good relations with the riparian countries,especially with Ethiopia.Egypt's relations with Ethiopia have deteriorated due to infrastructure on the Nile.The primary reason for this is that Egypt's considered any development on the Nile as a security threat to Egypt.The study's argument suggests the source of all these problems is the misuse of culture solidarity and states approach.Based on the fact that these countries have taken different approach to cultural integration and relay on antagonistic policy direction while engaged in public diplomacy.The question,which supports this argument,obtain an explicit answer to how all of this happened.To resolve questions and to endorse the argument,the study uses the currently published cultural theory of international order and relation.According to this theory,drives that affect the political order and states relation in each country are analysezed.The cultural theory states there are three basic drives for international order and relation.These drives are called,“appetite,spirit,reason and motive called fear.” These drives have an impact on international politics,from individuals to groups,contributing to the direction of politics as well as the political decision-making in particular.Based on this fundamental theory,the personalities and contributions of the political leaders of given states and the policy initiatives of the countries and the influence of the drives will be examined in depth.A more proper look at this theory reveals that Ethiopia's relations with Eritrea and Somalia were under the influence of spirit and fear.While the relations with Egypt were under the influence of appetite and fear.In the same way,Somali forces have experienced appetite as well as partially initiated by spirit,spirit in Eritrea and appetite in Egypt.Based on these drives,the study explored the diplomatic tension between Ethiopia and Somalia and the events that followed it.It assesses the role of drives in each political decision-making process.On the Ethiopian side,it examines the role of culture and policy,from Somali intervention to African Union peacekeeping.It will study the impact of the conflict on Ethiopia and Eritrea,particularly on the leadership and the decision making,and how it has turned into a security risk as the Ethiopian government's complaint holds that Eritrea's relations with the opposition are a threat to the country's peace.The influence of the leaders,Ethiopia's fears at the national level have been investigated.The study has also revealed the intensity of the diplomatic confrontation between Ethiopia and Egypt,which possesses an ordinary drive of the appetite.The points of how appetite has conveyed a deep impression on both Ethiopia and Egypt are detailed with many examples.Though,disagreements in the appetite world are rare,but how Ethiopia and Egypt have led to a diplomatic conflict,as well as events that have taken place on both sides in the wake of these political challenges are clearly addressed.This study concludes by identifying some of the primary lessons that should guide design and implementation.The crucial point of the study is the different stance they have on cultural integration and solidarity between these countries which prove an obstacle to good relations.This trend has been even observed by Ethiopian,Eritrean and Somali.These countries have shown a tendency to pretend to represent at peace,but they have never been peaceful.The important thing is to renew their relationship and reconcile their attitude toward regional integration.The Somali administration is determined to perform this.The Ethiopian executive's recent rapprochement with the Eritrean government additionally constitutes a step in the promising direction.Good neighbourliness agreements have also been made with Egypt.But to make these agreements more effective,they need a positive attitude,mutual friendship and cooperation.The other significant experience is policy reform.Reconciliation agreements between countries need to be reviewed and implemented at the policy level.In fact,Ethiopia has recently made significant alterations to its political system,and it has been argued that its external relation approach needs to change.But in order for peace and cooperation to prevail in the area,all parties must improve the policy that is hampering their relations.As long as Egypt's views on the Nile,Eritrea's disengagement with the opposition,and Al-Shabaab's pressure on Somalia are unconfirmed,Ethiopia's reform of its approach alone will not deliver a significant change in the region.The other valuable effort is to narrow their differences and create opportunities for them to adopt a common position by participating in regional institutions rather than competing in the region individually.For this reason,it is good Ethiopia's foreign policy integrates IGAD's policy of as well as others.The key problem for institutions like IGAD,which has been unsuccessful in the region,attends the separate competition between these countries.To successfully examine these ideas,the study is divided into seven categories.The first chapter obtain an introduction and,in this section,the general ideas of the study are discussed in detail.It provides an overview of the problem at hand.Founded on this problem,it shows the basic and specific questions as well as the main argument of the study.The countries selected for the analysis are also classified as case studies.To show the tendency of empirical literature,it examines studies in the field.It will explain the reasons behind the choice of theory.Beyond that,however,it lists other related issues,including general scope,significance and methodology.Chapter two focus on the basics of international relation.Referring to a variety of literary ideas,it sets out ideas for researching a ground of states relation.It provides an extensive analysis of the key points in the drives of international relation.It extensively delivers the cultural theory approach.In the importance of foreign policy part,it offers a comprehensive description of the national interest and foreign policy premises.The chapter concludes with an exact outline of the foreign policy analysis process.Chapter three studies the bases of Ethiopia's diplomatic relation.The first section examines the assumptions of Ethiopia's national interest with details examination from national and regional,political economy,and the peace and security perspectives.It examines the effects of political culture and regional solidarity in foreign relation.It provides extensive analysis on Ethiopia's foreign policy in terms of states priorities.Finally,it examines the states' role based on analysis.Chapter four examines the role of drives and diplomatic conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea.The chapter will initially look at the Eritrean perspectives.It goes on explaining the cause of the enmity between Ethiopia and Eritrea.It also examines Ethiopia's political position against Eritrea.Chapter five studies the broader impact of appetite,spirit and fear drives on Somalia and Ethiopia.It analyses the position of forces operating in Somalia and Al-Shabaab.It analyses religious extremism and the threat of Ethiopian government as well as regional interactions and the process of nationalism in Ethiopia and Somalia.Chapter six examines the situation between Egypt and Ethiopia.Appetite's role and its contribution of the diplomatic conflict between the two countries will study in detail.Egypt's external relation strategy and Ethiopia's stance on Egypt's at approach remain additionally the other focus of the study.Chapter seven is a conclusion and is divided into three segments.The first part is the summary of the study,and the second part is the conclusion.The third and concluding section contains recommendations based on the findings of the study.