On The Research Of Sijyuku Education In Edo Period Of Japan

The Edo period(1603-1867)was the last feudal period in Japanese history.It was the end of the feudal regime in Japan.It was also the time of the realization of the centralization and the peak of Samurai rule.At the same time,with the eastward spread of the Western capitalist forces and the intensification of various domestic contradictions,its’ social,economic,cultural,educational and other fields have undergone rapid development,and dramatic changes have taken place,the feudal rule is to shake.Therefore,the Edo period was a transitional period from ancient times to modern times in Japan.As an important part of social development,the education system in Edo period had the same changes.The educational institutions of the Edo Period in Japan included shogunate schools,vassal schools,Terakoya,rural schools and Sijyuku.As a private educational institution,sijyuku embodies the characteristics of the changing times more obviously because of its flexible and diverse forms.Japanese Sijyuku can be traced back to the 3rd century AD,when Confucianism was introduced to Japan and scholars began to teach the children of the nobility,and then flourished under the promotion of Prince Shengde(574-622).Through Nara,Ping ’an,Yoshino,Muromachi and other dynasties,it has become an important form of ancient Japanese education system.However,before the age of Edo,Japanese Sijyuku did not get great development and could not break through the following characteristics: First,to take the aristocratic descendants as the main instructing target,to train the upper Ruling class successors as the training goal;Second,to take Chinese culture as the main contents of education;third,managers as the instructors by themselves.In the time of the Edo era,especially to the late Edo period,with the expansion of social development and the demand for education,Japanese private schools began to develop rapidly.Not only the growthof unprecedented numbers,its educational objects,training goals,teaching contents and teaching methods also had the unprecedented changes.The development of Sijyuku in Edo period can be divided into three stages.The first stage was the monistic development of Edo’s early Hanxue Juku.The realization of the centralization made the politics relatively stable and the economy developed.With the rise of Yuanlu culture and the implementation of the policy of "feudal blockade",all created the conditions for the further promotion of Sinology,thus promoting the prosperity of Han School in Japan.The second stage was the diversification of the Hanxue,Guoxue and Ranxue Juku in the middle of Edo’s reign.The Kyoho reforms ushered in the Golden Age of shogunate ruling time.Later,the development of commercial capital led to the differentiation of the peasantry and the rise of the rich.The poor peasants became dissatisfied with the exploitation and rioted frequently,the foundations of the shogunate’s rule began to fall down.With The intensification of class conflicts,the ideological field was no longer satisfied with the dominance of Zhuzixue,and the native Japanese sinology began to rise.With the relaxation of the "isolationism" policy under the Kyoho Reforms,Rangaku began to be introduced in large numbers.These factors all led to the great emergence of Guoxuejuku and Ranxuejuku.The third stage was the period when the Sijyuku underwent drastic changes and the Yangxue Juku flourished in the late Edo’s reign.In the late Edo period,the internal and external contradictions of Japan became more and more serious.The Samurai had a hard life and grown much more dissatisfaction with the shogunate.The southwest strong vassal state developed fast by learning from the West and formed the power to overthrow Shogunate.The rise of the Midogaku became the power of protecting the emperor,the Western powers have blocked off customs from time to time,all kinds of Japanese thoughts became more active and conflicts intensified at that time.In this background,the transmission of Hanxue,Guoxue,Ranxue and Yangxue of the Sijyuku increasingly put on the political complexion.Especially foreign schools flourished rapidly,on behalf of Advanced Science and technology and revolutionary overtones.During the Edo period,Japanese Sijyuku not only increased in number,but also changed in types and characteristics.On the basis of single han-style Sijyuku,the types of Sijyuku added Guoxue,Ranxue and Yangxue,the education objects expands from the Samurai class to the civilian population;the education goal is to shift from ruling class to political,economic,technological and other types of talents;the contents of education has been expanded to traditional Chinese and the Western.The Sijyuku with these new characteristics have made great historical contributions to the development and transformation of Japanese society.It not only promoted the exchange and fusion of the Eastern and the Western,raised the awakening of Japanese national consciousness,but also provided the ideological basis and talents for the successful reform of the Meiji Restoration.Many Sijyuku were directly transformed into modern educational institutions after the Meiji Restoration.