| Social life in minority areas is changing to different degrees with the acceleration of modernization,the development of poverty alleviation and the promotion of national language.And language situation is one of the important aspects of its social life.Gannan Prefecture of Gansu Province is one of the Tibetan autonomous prefectures in China.It represents current situation and development trend of Tibetan language life in converged area of Tibetan and Han cultures.The study of Tibetan language life in Gannan region is the practical needs of promoting local language planning,poverty alleviation and language service work,adapting to and meeting the development of Tibetan social,economic and language life.It is also of great practical value to provide necessary suggestions and countermeasures for official language policy makers,language researchers,language educators and language users.The thesis is divided into seven chapters.Chapter one and two introduce the research background,purpose,significance,objects and methods of this thesis.It also reviews the current situation and trend of Tibetan language life researches at home and abroad,and briefly summarizes the linguistic ecological background and the development of Tibetan language life in Gannan region.Chapter three and four present the current situation of Tibetan language life in daily life and specialized fields through the investigation and analysis of language competence,language use and language attitude.Chapter five analyzes the code usage,layout and multi-modal combination of linguistic landscapes in public space and discusses its functions,principles and relevant attitudes of different groups.Chapter six first clarifies the existing problems in Tibetan language life and then discusses the influence of language policy,economy and culture,urbanization,population migration,education,housing pattern and intermarriage factors on the development of Tibetan language life.Chapter seven summarizes the characteristics of Tibetan language life in Gannan region from the perspectives of language vitality,language relationship,language function,language service and language poverty alleviation.Finally,relevant countermeasures and suggestions are provided based on predictions of its development trends.Tibetan language life in Gannan has gone through changing process from closed and unitary to open and diversified.The basic features of Tibetan language life in Gannan in the new era show as follows:Most Tibetans are Tibetan and Chinese bilinguals mastering Tibetan better than Mandarin and Chinese dialects.Tibetan,Chinese dialects and mandarin are mainly used in daily life.Tibetan is the dominant language in the internal domain and with similar proportion of above two in the external domain.Tibetans have deep feelings towards their mother tongue and also highly identify with the social function of national language.Meanwhile,they hold a positive attitude towards bilingual learning.In the field of administration,sound social regulations on use of Tibetan language had established.The promotion of national language,bilingual translation and bilingual training have been actively carried out.However,some departments have no translation units.Official seals,headers and some documents are both in Tibetan and Chinese.Website,WeChat Official Account are generally using national language and some of them both of Tibetan and national language including bilingual organization names.Tibetan civil servants choose different languages according to whom they communicate with in workplace.In the field of education,bilingual education takes form of "Tibetan-centered" or "National language-centered".Tibetan teachers often use Tibetan language in their work.Language competence of bilingual students varies with different teaching models and competence of Tibetan language is usually better than that of national language.Schools and parents all approve implementation of bilingual teaching.In the field of media,the main way of Tibetan to get information is through traditional media such as radio and TV and now with an obvious trend of new media.Among them,media in the national language is more frequently contacted than those in Tibetan and most of them choose bilingual ones.Linguistic landscape of public space follows the principle of regularity,economy and appropriateness fulfilling with information,symbolism,economic,cultural and aesthetic functions.Language practice conforms to the requirements of official language policy.National language and Tibetan are the dominant codes of language signs,and the former is prominent code.Language competition and harmony are objective manifestations of local language ecology.Language use shows differences in Tibetan language life in Gannan region and mainly featured with strong language vitality of Tibetan.At the same time,problems are still objectively existed in language life.For example,national language has not been fully popularized and the unbalanced bilingual competence of Tibetans.Measures are still needed to cope with the unbalanced development of bilingual education and teaching,lacking of high quality educational resources and bilingual talents,the need of improving bilingual translation ability and bilingual training mechanism.At the same time,the development of the Tibetan language media is facing challenges.The power of Tibetan language communication is relatively weak and awareness of language norms needs to be improved urgently.Reasons for above problems are manifested in many aspects.Language policy is the fundamental factor.Education affects the level of Tibetan language competence and being the key factor for change of language attitude and ethnic culture inheritance.Urbanization and population migration promote multi-ethnic interaction as well as language contact,transformation of language function and diversification of language environment.Media convergence has expanded the ways of language selection,promotion of language service and Tibetan language transmission.Economic development and cultural communication can not only promote the formation of language service industry,increase the market value of Tibetan language and being an important driving force for Tibetans to learn the national language,but also create a cultural background for bilingual use.Residence pattern and group intermarriage are the important factors of forming Tibetan language attitude and differences of language use.And internal factors such as the differences of age and education level are also factors that can't be ignored.In the future,the Tibetan language will continue to maintain a strong language vitality.Language attitude of the Tibetans,and local types of language use,language relations,language functions will gradually change.In order to further promote the development of Tibetan language life,it is necessary to continue to promote bilingual education and the construction of bilingual talents in Gannan region.Bilingual ability improvement and strengthening awareness of language specification and language consumption will promote the poverty alleviation implementation and level of language service as well.Meanwhile improving power of communication media can enhance diversified communication of language.The innovation of this study is,first,it does a comprehensive,detailed and sub-field study of language life in Tibetan areas and provides an empirical case for the study of language life in other Tibetan or ethnic areas with similar economic and cultural types.Second,by presenting the basic features of Tibetan language life,Tibetan competence,language use and language attitude are combined with local language resources,language competition,language function,language ecology,language service and language poverty alleviation,so as to further explore the profound connotation of Tibetan language life. |
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